Paper 1 Sociology Exam (copy)

1.Socialization, Identity and methods of research 2. Methods of Research

Name the elements of social construction of reality.

Culture, roles, norms, values, beliefs, customs, ideology, power and status

True or False. Socialization is important in influencing human behavior.

True

What are the agencies of socialization?

family, education, peer-group, media, and religion

what two things shape the relationship between the individual and society?

Structure and Agency

What are the elements in the construction of social identity?

Social Class, Gender, ethnicity, and age

Why may the social class, gender, ethnicity and age identities be changing

Globalization, increased choice, and new/hybrid identities

Material Culture Example

cars, phones and books

Non-Material Culture

religious, scientific beliefs, and meanings people give to material objects.

roles

expected patterns of behavior expected with each position that we hold

Values

beliefs or ideas that are important to the people who hold them

Norms

socially acceptable ways of behaving in different roles

Anomie

A situation in which people are unable to predict the behavior of others because the system of norms and values is not being followed

Why are Feral Children important to Sociology?

they fail to show the social and physical development we would expect from a normal child and how missing out on socialization at an early stage cannot be corrected later.

what kinds of curriculum does education have

formal and hidden

Reason 1 for why school plays a role in secondary socialization

moves children away from relationships in the family and introduces to relationships they will meet in adult life.

allows children to adapt to wider social values into their personal value system

Reason 2 for why school plays a role in secondary socialization

allows children to adapt to wider social values into their personal value system

moves children away from relationships in the family and introduces to relationships they will meet in adult life.

Patriarchy

Male dominated unit or society

Interactionist

focuses on humans as social actors rather than just focusing on the role of society.

Structuralist

studying human culture that emphasizes the importance of its basic structures and the relationships between its parts

Ideology

a set of ideas and ideals which explains how society works or should work

Relations of Production

relationship between the people involved in production, such as between the owners and the workers

Forces of Production

the ways in which capital can be transformed through technology and people’s labour into goods for sale.

liberal feminism

a feminist approach about bringing equal opportunities for men and women without changing the system

Marxist feminism

a feminist approach which combines feminism with Marxism to argue that women are exploited by both capitalism and patriarchy

Radical Feminism

focuses on patriarchy as the cause of women’s oppression

what is the microsociological approach?

focuses on how people create and re-create society on a daily basis through their small actions

what two forms are taken in social control?

Formal and Informal

under socialization

when the process of socialization is incomplete or inadequate

Marginalization

the pushing of an individual or group to the edge of a group or society

cultural deprivation

not having the values or attitudes to bring success to society

how has fragmented identities been broken up?

Globalisation & Increased Choice

Secondary sources of data can include?

Official Statistics, personal documents, digital content & media sources

quantitative methods include….

questionnaires, structured interviews, experiments, content analysis

qualitative methods include…

unstructured interviews, semi structured interviews, group interviews, over & covert participant & non participant observation

The positivist approach is based on..

scientific methods, objectivity, reliable and value-freedom

The Interpretivist approach is based on…

verstehen, meaning, subjectivity and validity

verstehen

Understanding someone’s else point of view by putting yourself in their shoes

Questionnaires Evaluation

reliable but not representative and somewhat not valid

Structured Interview evaluation

Representative & Reliable but not valid (researcher effect)

Researcher Effect

providing answers to please the researcher

Hawthorne Effect

changing your behavior from the result that you’re being watched

Content Analysis Evaluation

drawing of complex situations from simple data & replicated, reliability can be limited

Unstructured Interview Evaluation

Valid but not reliable, time-consuming and researcher effect

Semi-Structured Interviews

increased validity and unknown information discovered but lacking standardization and it’s time consuming

Group Interviews Evaluation

more realistic and everyone sharing opinions but researcher effect and can be unrepresentative

overt participant observation

when those who are being studied are aware of it

covert participation observation

those being studied are unaware they’re being studied

Non participant observation evaluation

you can observe more people but watching them can be ethical and lack of sufficient in depth detail

Random sampling

randomly selecting names

systematic sampling

a random sampling with some variation

Opportunity sampling

selecting participants based on their availability

sotivism

Objectivity

making an unbiased observation based on facts that can be verified.

George Mead

the concept of the individual self and how our external resources are a part of what we think about our individual selves in which he defines as ‘me’ and ‘I’. 

Karl Marx

our society has moved on into a capitalist society where everything is surrounded about money. The ruling class over the working class causes imbalances in our society and creates inequalities

Louis Althusser

the proletariats are not realizing that they are being exploited and harassed by the ruling class and continue under their rule. 

Émile Durkheim

the theory of Functionalism in which we see how society and all the structures/institutions that come with it work together

Max Weber

anti-positivist approach where he demonstrates that understanding the meanings that people attach to their actions are far more important than learning social facts. He also argued that social life consisted of complex things so there isn’t one particular cause for one thing as well as the word Verstehen

Harriet Martineau

For society to truly be studied, we need to understand the lives of women and issues in which women faced at that specific time.

Auguste Comte

sociology is a science and that sociologists could discover laws of human behavior just as scientists with laws of nature. He believed that sociology is one of the most important sciences to study and see the structure of it.