HPEX 353 Exam 1

disease

a pathological condition of the body in response to an alteration in the normal harmony

direct

result of trauma, physical agents, and poisons

indirect

result of genetic anomalies and metabolic and nutritional disturbances

illness

describes the condition of a person who is experiencing a disease

predisposing factor

is a condition or situation that may make a person more at risk or susceptible to disease (ex. environment, genes, age, lifestyle, gender)

idopathic

diseases that have a no known cause for treatments are only targeting symptoms and juvenile idiopathic scoliosis

iatrogenic

disease caused by medical treatments (ex. anemia from chemotherapy treatments

nosocomial

disease acquired in a hospital setting/ health care facility

sequella

pathological condition that results from prior disease/ injury

heredity

predisposing factor inherited from a parent

autosomal dominant

only one abnormal gene from a parent, 50% chance the offspring will inherit the defect

autosomal recessive

two copies (both parents) and carrier without disease

klinefelter syndrome

extra x chromosome, male body elongated

turner syndrome

loss or incomplete x, only affects females, short stature, swollen hands and feet

down syndrome

3 copies of 21 chromosomes, more common in children born to 35- 50 year parents, sloping foreheads

neoplasia

new formation of growth

neoplasm

abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should

metastasis

spreading process of tumor cells

infection

the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic or disease producing microorganisms in the body

bacteria

single cell, most are non pathogenic

virus

independent of host cells, some dormant for long periods

fungi

slowly and resistant to treatment, rarely fatal, mycoses

protozoa

single cell organisms (malaria, vaginitis)

parasites

require organisms to host, external vs internal ( lice, pinworms)

nociceptive pain

result from tissue damage, send pain signals to CNS- spinal cord and brain, pain is well localized

neuropathic pain

damage to the nerve causes typical pain symptoms, pain is not well locLIZED

somatic

muscle, tendons, and ligaments; from damaged tissue, mostly back, legs, and arms

neural

brain or spinal cord, from nerve damage, described as severe sharp stabbing burning cold

angina pain

blood supply to the heart muscle is disrupted

breakthrough pain

recurrence of chronic pain that earlier responded to pain mangement

malignant pain

from cancer or associated treatment

phantom limb pain

from an amputated body part

psychogenic pain

in individuals with psychological disorders (emotional pain)

gate control theory

physiological explanation of the process of pain, pain is balance between information traveling into the spinal cord through large and small nerve fibers

inhibitory neuron

decided what messages should or should not be sent, if it isnt working then any message sent will be perceived as pain

projection neuron

sends every message to the brain

medical diagnosis (dx)

process of determining which disease or condition or explain a person’s symptoms and signs

differential diagnosis

method off dx based on finding as many candidate diseases or conditions as possible that can possibly cause the signs or symptoms, followed by a process of elimination using medical tests or other processing

HEENT

physcial examination, head ear, nose and throat exam

crackles /rales

if the small air sacs in the lungs fill with fluid and there’s any movement in the sacs

wheeze

bronchial tubes become inflamed and narrowed

rhonchi

air tries to pass through bronchial tubes that contain fluid or mucus

stidor

upper airway narrows (vocal cords)

CBC (complete blood count)

most common test performed, determines general health status, shows number of wbc, rbc, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count

low wbc

autoimmune disorders, bone marrow deficiencies, viral diseases, liver problems, spleen problems, severe bacterial infections, radiation therapy

high wbc

infections, cigarette smoking, leukemia, inflammatory diseases, tissue damage, physical/ mental stress

low rbc

bleeding, anemia, malnutrition, over hydration, hemolysis, leukemia, multiple, mylenoma, sickle cell anemia

high rbc

dehydration, cigarette smoking, congenital heart disease, pulmonary fibrosis, renal cell carcinoma

low hgb (hemoglobin)

nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, sickle cell anemia, renal problems, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, lead poisoning

high hgb (hemoglobin)

dehydration, cigarette smoking, tumors, lung diseases, blood doping

CMP (comprehensive metabolic panel)

information about body’s metabolism, electrolytes, glucose, acid/ base balance, liver enzymes and thyroid/ parathyroid; check for renal problems, diabetic coma, respiratory distress, liver function, endocrine problems or heart rhythm changed

ultasound

high frequency sound waves to create an image

x rays

using electromagnetic waves creates a picture of the inside of the body

ct scan

computed axial tomography, cross-sectional images of the body using x rays and a computer, shows more detail than a regular x ray, bones ad skeletal structures

mri

magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic field and radio waves to create a detailed, cross sectional image of the body, soft tissue

pet scan

positrion emission tomography, using radioactive substance, it created an image using positron emission tomography based on the absorption of the substances by certain organs and tissues, shows function not anatomy

dexa

dual enery x ray abosoption, measure of bone density using a small dose of ionizing radiation, commonly used to diagnose osteoporosis

pt-pcr

reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, commonly used to detect RNA, detect the presence of virus or bactria

elisa

enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, detects and measures antibodies or the presence of specific proteins, from virus bacteria or host

pft

pulmonary function test, battery of tests to measure how well lungs work, measures lung size air flow volume, exchange of gas

ecg and holter

electrocardiogram, heart rhythm, diagnose poor blood flow to the heart and abnormalities of the heart

holter monitor

portable ECG that monitors heart rhythm for one or two days

neoplasm

new and abnormal growth of a tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer

cancer

group of diseases associated with uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

tumor

swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether beign or malignant

metastasis

spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body

anaplastic

cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little to no resemblance to normal cells

mitosis

division of somatic cells

meiosis

division of germ cells

G1 checkpoint

the primary point at which it must choose whether or not to divide

G2 checkpoint

DNA integrity and DNA replication

M/Spindle checkpoint

chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubulues

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, the cells may appear normal but they go through abnormal changes

dysplasia

abnormal growth of cells, cells appear abnormal but no cancer yet

cancer

carcinoma in situ, mestastasize

signs of cancer

unexplained weight loss, fatigue that doesnt get better (leukemia), pain (colon cancer), skin changed, changed in bowel or bladder habits, leukoplakia

carcinoma

from endodermal or ectodermal tissues

sarcoma

from bone and cartilage

carcinoma

(most common) solid tumors of epithlial tissue, breast colon liver lung prostate and stomach

basal cell carcinoma

cancerous cells develop within the basal cell layer of the skin, or the lowest part of the epidermis

squamous cell carcinoma

cancerous cells develop from the flat, squamous cells

renal cell carcinoma

cancerous cells typically develop in the lining of the kidney tubules

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

cancerous cells typically develop within the lining of the milk ducts

invasive ductal carcinoma

cancerous cells grow in the duct lining and invade local breast tissue

sarcomas

from supportive and connective tissue, bone fat muscle cartilage fibrous tissues, less common

osteosarcoma

very, half of the cases are fatal, usually diagnosed late

osteogenic sarcoma

bone (around shoulder and knee), mostly in children and young adults

ewing’s sarcoma

very rare, bone/ soft tissur around cartilage and nerves, mostly in children and young adults

chondrosarcoma

cartilage, pelvis hip shoulder base of skull

leukemia

from body’s blood forming tissue including bone marrow and lymphatic system, involves dysfunction in WBC

lymphomas

cancer of the lymphatic system, lymph nodes spleen thymus and bone marrow

nuclear scan

image of the structure through the use of radioactive substances

grade 1 (cancer)

tumor cells are well differentiated, looks normal

grade 2 (cancer)

tumor cells are moderately or poorly differentiated, grow more quickly

grade 3 (cancer)

tumor cells are very abnormal, poorly differentiated, grow very quickly

grade 4 (cancer)

tumor cells are totally anaplastic

h1n1

VIRUS formed from a mixture of other virus (pigs, birds, humans)

h1n1 symptoms

seasonal fly symptoms, fever, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, fatigue, headaches, diarrhea and vomiting

h1n1 medical diagnosis

severe respiratory infection, Pt-PCR, antibodies against the virus

SARS and MERS

pandemic, coronavirus. from infectious droplets (virus surivives 24 h on plastic and 4d in human waste)