Chapter 6

Rank Order Consistency

refers to the stability of individuals' relative ranks on a particular trait over time, indicating that while absolute levels of a trait may change, the order in which individuals rank remains consistent.

Temperament

is a biologically based set of individual differences in emotional and behavioral tendencies that are evident from an early age and remain relatively stable throughout life.

Heterotypic Continuity

describes how the expression of a trait may change across different contexts and developmental stages, while the underlying trait remains stable.

Person environment Transactions

refer to the dynamic interactions between individuals and their environments, where both influence and shape each other over time.

Active Person Environment Transaction

describes situations where individuals actively seek out or create environments that align with their traits and preferences, thereby reinforcing their characteristics.

Reactive Person environment transaction

involves individuals responding to or being influenced by their environments based on their traits, which can lead to changes in both the person and the environment.

Evocative Person - environment transaction

occurs when individuals evoke responses from their environments due to their inherent traits, leading to mutual influence and change.

Cumulative Continuity Principle

refers to the concept that the consistency of personality traits increases over time, as individuals accumulate experiences that reinforce their behaviors and characteristics.

Personality Development

is the process through which individuals change and evolve their personality traits and characteristics throughout their lives, influenced by biological, social, and environmental factors.

Cross - Sectional Study 

is a research design that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time, often used to assess differences across age groups.

Cohort Effect

refers to the impact of being part of a particular group or cohort, which may influence individuals' behaviors and attitudes as they age, often seen in studies comparing different age groups.

Longitudinal Study

is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables over a period of time, allowing researchers to track changes and developments in a population.

Maturity Principle

is the concept that older individuals are typically more competent and stable in their behaviors and attitudes compared to younger individuals, reflecting the effects of aging and experience.

Social Clock

is a cultural timetable that dictates the appropriate age for major life events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement, influencing individuals' perceptions of their own timing in life.

Narrative Identity

is the internalized and evolving story that individuals create about themselves, integrating personal experiences and values to form a coherent sense of self over time.

The central paradox to the study of personality development is that people ——throught their loves, yet their fundamental traits remain ———

change through their lives, yet their fundamental traits remain stable.

A change in the mean level of someones —- while maintaining —- is referred to as 

psychological traits while maintaining rank order stability is reffered to as personality development

identify Principles of Personality Development as representing continuity or change

over time in personality traits and how they evolve across an individual's lifespan.

What factors might influence the stability of personality

traits over time include genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and life experiences.