Chemistry: Synthetic routes

Haloalkane → Nitrile

NaCN + H₂SO₄/ C₂H₅OH/ H₂O

Haloalkane → Amine

Ethanolic ammonia

Nitrile → Amine

H₂ and Ni catalyst

Nitrile → Carboxylix acid

HCl (aq)

Haloalkane → Alcohol

NaOH + Heat

Alcohol → Haloalkane

NaX + H₂SO₄

Primary alcohol → Aldehyde

H⁺ + Cr₂O₇^2- (Distill)

Secondary alcohol → Ketone

H⁺ + Cr₂O₇^2- (Reflux or distill)

Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid

H⁺ + Cr₂O₇^2- (reflux)

Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid

H⁺ + Cr₂O₇^2- (reflux)

Aldehyde/Ketone → hydroxynitrile

NaCN + H₂SO₄/ C₂H₅OH/ H₂O

Aldehyde/Ketone → Alcohol

NaBH₄ + H₂

Alkene → Haloalkane

HX/ X₂

Alkene → Alkane

H₂ and Ni Catalyst at 150°C

Alkene → Alcohol

H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ at 300°C and 60atm

Alcohol → Alkene

H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ at 300°C and 60atm

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Alcohol + H₂SO₄ + heat

Ester → Carboxylic acid

H₂SO₄/HCl _(aq) + Heat

Ester → Sodium Carboxylate salt

NaOH + Heat

Carboxylic acid → Acyl Chloride

SOCl₂ (Thionyl Chloride)

Acyl chloride → Amide

NH₃/ Amine

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

C. HNO₃ + C. H₂SO₄ + 50°C

Nitrobenzene → Phenylamine

Sn + C. HCl

Benzene → Alkyl Benzene

RX/ AlX₃/FeX₃

Benzene → Acyl Benzene

Acyl Chloride + AlCl₃/FeX₃

Benzene → Bromobenzene

Br₂ + AlBr₃/FeBr₃

Phenol → Bromophenol

Br₂

Phenol → Nitrophenol

HNO₃