AP World Semester 1 Final Vocabulary

administrator

a person who manages, especially business or public affairs

colonialism

the practice of a foreign government exercising political or economic control of another community

color line

the role race and racism had in American society after the abolition of slavery

customs

the governmental office that administers trade and collects taxes on imports and exports

emigrate

to leave one country or region, usually the country of origin, in order to settle in another

exploitative

making unfair use of a situation for profit or benefit

famine

an extreme and widespread shortage of food

formal colonialism

direct colonial control of a community by a foreign empire

immigration

how humans move from one place to another

imperialism

the policy of extending the rule or authority of one nation over others by territorial acquisition or through economic or political dominance

industrial capitalism

an economic system that combines capitalism with intense manufacturing production in factories, characterized by division of labor to increase efficiency

migrant

a person who travels from place to place to find employment

modernization

the process or act of updating or redesigning something to make it look new or contemporary

persecution

a purposeful course of harassing, punishing, or exterminating others, especially because of their race or their religious, moral, or political beliefs

poverty

the condition of being poor or lacking the necessary means of support

profit

a financial gain

racism

the theory or opinion that a certain race or races of people, usually one’s own, are superior to others because of certain inborn characteristics and any policy or practice based on said belief

rebellion

an uprising or armed resistance against established authority or a government

reparation

the act or process of making amends for wrongdoing or injury; payment required of a defeated nation by the victors, for damages, alleged atrocities, or other injury

rural

relating to, or describing the country

abolish

to do away with; to put a stop to

absolute monarchy

an authoritarian governing system in which a hereditary ruler holds complete power until death

aristocracy

a high-ranking social class, having special privileges and influence and usually determined by heredity

autonomy

freedom and independence; self-governance

bourgeoisie

the middle class

citizen

a person belonging by birth or naturalization to a political and geographic entity, especially a nation

communism

the theory of a classless social system in which all property and means of production are owned in common; socialist theory deriving from the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

conservative

a person who favors the traditional and opposes rapid change

constitution

the set of basic laws and principles by which a nation, state, or other organization is governed

consumer

one who purchases goods or services

democracy

a form of government in which power ultimately rests with the people, either directly or through elected representatives

Enlightenment

an eighteenth-century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason

ethnic nationalism

a form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined by a shared heritage, which usually includes a common language, a common faith, and a common ethnic ancestry

factory

a building or set of buildings where products are manufactured

fossil fuels

any carbon-containing fuel formed from the remains of prehistoric plants and animals, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas

gender

socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as norms, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men

ideology

the body of beliefs, symbols, and political and social aims that characterizes a particular group or institution

independence

the quality or state of being independent; freedom from outside control

industrial

of or pertaining to the production of goods and services by industry

invest

to spend with the intention of gaining some benefit

liberal

one who believes in a progressive political philosophy, which favors government promotion of social change and the importance of individual liberty

manufacture

to make by machine, usually in great quantities

nation

a people living in the same geographic region and having a common history, language, and culture

nation-state

the modern autonomous (self-governing) nation, considered as a unit of political organization

nationalism

concern for or devotion to one’s own nation, especially desire for national progress, defense, or independence

proletariat

the working class, especially those that lack capital and must sell their usually unskilled labor in order to survive

radical

a person who advocates fundamental or extreme social and political changes

reform

to improve or enhance through moderate change