AP Human Geography Ultimate Guide (copy)

Space

The geometric surface of the Earth.

Activity Space

The area where daily activities occur.

Place

A bounded space of human importance.

Sequent Occupancy

Succession of cultural influences in a place's history.

Scale

Relationship of an object or place to the Earth.

Formal Regions

Areas with homogeneous characteristics.

Functional Regions

Areas with a central node serving a purpose.

Vernacular Regions

Regions based on residents' perception.

Absolute Location

Defines a point using coordinates like latitude and longitude.

Relative Location

Location compared to a known place or feature.

Distance Decay

Interaction decreases with distance from a place.

Central Place Theory

Analysis of city locations and economic exchange.

Core and Periphery

Relationships in regional phenomena.

Diffusion Patterns

Ways phenomena spread across the Earth.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Computer programs for spatial analysis.

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Network of satellites for location.

Population Growth

Involves birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Annual percentage of population growth.

Doubling Time

Time for a country's population to double.

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

Immigration minus emigration per thousand.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children per female.

Dependency Ratio

Ratio of non-working to working individuals.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Theory of population changes over time.

Newly Industrialized Countries (NICs)

Countries that have experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth, transitioning from primarily agricultural to manufacturing-based economies.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that explains the changing population patterns and health conditions in societies as they develop, particularly focusing on the impact of medical advancements on population growth rates.

Phase of Development

Refers to the stages in a country's demographic transition where population growth stabilizes due to declining birth rates following high fertility periods.

Population Projection

Estimations of how a population will change over time, including predictions on growth or decline based on various factors.

S-Curve of Population

A graphical representation showing rapid population growth followed by stabilization or decline due to reaching the carrying capacity of an area.

Stage-By-Stage Development

The sequential phases of demographic transition model (DTM) that countries go through, from pre-industrial societies to post-industrial economies.

Malthusian Theory

A theory proposing that population growth will outpace food production, leading to resource scarcity and potential crises.

Sustainability

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Population Pyramids

Visual representations of a population's age and gender distribution, providing insights into demographic trends and characteristics.

Cultural Synthesis (Syncretism)

The blending of different cultural influences to create new cultural expressions or practices.

Dravidian

A language group with 230 million speakers from the Indian subcontinent and surrounding areas.

Anatolian theory

A theory suggesting that migrants from the Indian subcontinent settled in present-day Turkey before spreading into Europe.

Folk music

Original music specific to a culture, often incorporating unique instruments and cultural stories.

Bluegrass

A popular folk music type originating in Kentucky, influencing country and rock music.

Continental cuisine

Formal food traditions from mainland Europe, often featuring meat courses with sauces and side dishes.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core principles guiding moral behavior for Muslims, including daily prayers and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Caste System

Social hierarchy in India with five main castes, determining social status and occupations.

Theocracy

Governance where religious leaders hold senior positions, as seen in Iran.

Folklore

Stories and histories specific to a culture, defining ethical foundations and societal histories.

Race

Physical characteristics categorizing individuals into groups, such as Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid.

Lebensraum

The living space for each distinct nation based on optimal physical geography of the culture group.

Neo-Nazism

Violent racism against non-whites and immigrants or violent expression of xenophobia.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group and the inferiority of others.

Cultural relativism

Understanding individual beliefs and activities within their cultural context.

Internal vs External Identity

Expressing cultural heritage to those who share vs. those who don't.

Culture regions

Bounded spaces with homogeneous cultural characteristics.

Fuzzy borders

Difficulty in determining where one cultural region ends and another begins.

Cultural Hearths

Localized areas where cultures originated or have main population centers.

Acculturation

Adapting to a new culture while retaining aspects of the original.

Assimilation

Complete change in identity as a minority culture becomes part of the majority.

Cultural survival

Efforts to protect and promote indigenous cultures.

Genocide

Large-scale systematic killing of people of one ethnic group.

Nation-state

A single culture under a single government.

Sovereignty

State independence from external control with international recognition.

Supranationalism

Sovereign states align for common purposes.

Territoriality

Political control expression over space.

Citizenship

Legal identity based on state affiliation.

Enclave and Exclave

Concentrated minority culture group vs. fragmented sovereign territory.

UNCLOS

Standard oceanic boundaries for UN member states.

Admiralty law

International law governing legal procedures on the high seas.

Boundary Process

The process of claiming, negotiating, or capturing borders.

Delimitation Process

Placing borders on the map.

Demarcation Process

Placing markers on the ground to show where borders lie.

Physical Border

Natural boundaries like rivers, mountains, or deserts.

Cultural Border

Estimated boundaries between nations, ethnic groups, or tribes.

Geometric Border

Boundaries surveyed along lines of latitude and longitude.

Definitional Dispute

Interpretation differences of border treaties by states.

Locational Dispute

Border movement due to natural changes like rivers shifting.

Operational Dispute

Issues with passage across agreed borders.

Allocational Dispute

Disputes over resources lying across borders.

Frontier

Open and undefined territory.

Tyranny of the Map

Imposition of boundaries not matching cultural boundaries.

State Morphology

Impact of a country's shape on society and external relations.

Compact State

Shape without irregularity.

Fragmented State

Broken into pieces like archipelagos.

Elongated State

Stretched-out, long shape.

Prorupt State

State with a panhandle or peninsula.

Perforated State

State with holes like a large lake.

Landlocked State

State with no sea or ocean borders.

Territorial Change

Alteration of state territory through processes like annexation.

Capitals

Seat of government in a state.

Suffrage

Voting rights based on age, race, and gender.

Gerrymandering

Creating irregularly shaped voting districts for political gain.

Feudalism

Political-economic system with aristocracy controlling land and wealth.

Absolute Monarchy

Supreme aristocrat as head of state and government.

Constitutional Monarchy

Supreme aristocrat as head of state, elected leader as head of government.

Commonwealth of Nations

Independent former parts of the British Empire.

Free-Market Democracies

Countries with elected-representative parliamentary systems.

Separation of Powers

Division of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

Marxist-Socialism

Political-economic theories aiming to address feudalism and capitalism inequalities.

Geopolitics

Global-scale relationships between sovereign states.

Centripetal Forces

Factors holding together the state.

Centrifugal Forces

Factors tearing apart the state.

Balkanization

Political landscape transition from a larger state to smaller states.

Neocolonialism

Contemporary colonialism based on economic pressure.

Heartland-Rimland model

Defines global geopolitical landscape and potential conflict areas

Primary commodity of conflict

Resource countries fight over