kin 411 midterm v1

cell bodies + dendrites called

nuclei cortex laminae

cell bodies + dendrites in what mattar

grey

axons called

nerves fibres tracts fasiculus lemniscus commissure

axons in what matter

white

projection fibres are

axons relay between cortex brainstem sc

commissural fibres are

axon cross hemispheres

association fibres are

axons connect cortical arease wn hemisphere

cortex def

folded layer of gray matter on outer surface of brain

final protection for the brain by 2

meninges, cerebral spinal fluid

PAD stands for =

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

2 layers of the dura

periosteal, meningeal

what dura layer is adhered to the skull

periosteal

the meningeal layer of dura separates 2 cerebral heispheres

falx cerebri

meningeal layer of dura separates cerebellum from cerebrum

tentorium cerebelli

falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli meet forms

tentorial notch- midbrain sits

herniation is

severe displacement of CNS structures

bulges through the dura called

arachnoid granulations

potential spaces are

epi-dural, sub-dural

actual space is

sub-arachnoid

epi-dural space is between

skull and periosteal layer of dura

sub-dural space is between

meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid

sub-arachnoid space is between

arachnoid and pia mater= has CSF

divergence of dura layers at falx cerebri forms

sagittal sinus

epi-dural space common hematoma from

middle meningeal artery- dura-skull

fracture temporal bone

epidural hematoma bleed is? shape? cross midline?

fast-arterial, lens, yes if sup region

sub-dural hematoma from

accelleration/decelerations= shearing

bridging veins pass arach and menin drain dural sinus

subdural hematoma bleed is? shape? cross midline?

slow-venous, crescent, no falx cerebri

sub-arachnoid hematoma common injury

non-traumatic- rupture artery, traumatic- contusions/brain injury

sub-arachnoid hematoma bleed is? shape? cross midline?

quick, widespread, yes

CSF pathway

created by choroid plexus- lateral ventricles, sub arachnoid granulations, sinus absorbed into blood

4 roles of CSF

1. protect/cushion

2. buoyency for brain-decrease wt of brainstem

3. excrete metabolites/foreign subs out into blood

4. hormone and nutr transport

spinal gray matter separated in to 10 regions called?

rexed’s laminae

what laminae contrains 2 motor nuclei- medial lateral

laminae IX

SC terminates at

L1-L2

which spinal exits above vertebrae

C1-7

spinal nerve exits below vertebrae

c8-rest

white:gray matter cervical enlargement

increased

white:gray matter in lumbar/sacral enlargement

decreased

5 symptoms LMN

muscle weakness

fasciculations= denervation hypersensitivity

atrophy

decreased reflexes hyporeflexia

tone decreased flaccid paralysis

What are the signs of an UMN lesion?

Muscle weakness, increased muscle reflexes, increased muscle tone, positive babinski sign(leg)

rubrospinal tract function

Arm flexion

Rubrospinaltract route

Red nucleus midbrain → asap decussate at midbrain (ventral tegmental decussation) → down contra thru pons and medulla then into lat col SC. enter gray matter synapse LMNs at level

Reticulo spinal tract function

Automatic posture and gait-related movements, modulating different reflexes, triggering the startle-reflex response

Reticulospinal tract route

pontine/medullary reticular formation → ipsil down SC → acts on entire SC

MVST role

Axial reflexes and ctrl neck, trunk and head (axial) muscles

LVST role

extensor muscle tone arms and legs; extra excitation LMNs that act on arm/leg extensors

MVST route

M/IVN → bifurcates → travels down medial part of anterior col→ synapses on LMNs of proximal/axial muscles of neck, trunk

LVST route

LVN → projects ipsil down to SC → synapses throughout SC many LMNs, primarily distal limbs