Plant Life Cycles

What are the two multicellular stages in alternation of generations?

Gametophyte (n) and Sporophyte (2n)

What does a zygote grow into?

Sporophyte

What does a spore grow into?

Gametophyte

Which generation is dominant in bryophytes?

Gametophyte

Which generation is dominant in seedless vascular plants?

Sporophyte

Which generation is dominant in gymnosperms?

Sporophyte

Which generation is dominant in angiosperms?

Sporophyte

Which plant group lacks vascular tissue?

Bryophytes

Which plant groups have vascular tissue?

Seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

Which plant group includes mosses?

Bryophytes

Which plant group includes ferns?

Seedless vascular plants

Which plant group includes conifers?

Gymnosperms

Which plant group includes flowering plants?

Angiosperms

Which plant groups produce seeds?

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Which plant group produces flowers?

Angiosperms

Which plant group produces fruits?

Angiosperms

Which plant groups require water for fertilization?

Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants

What evolutionary adaptation helps prevent water loss?

Cuticle

What evolutionary adaptation protects spores from drying out?

Sporopollenin

What evolutionary adaptation provides structural support to plants?

Lignin

What evolutionary adaptation allows transport of water and nutrients?

Vascular tissue

What evolutionary adaptation allows growth in length?

Apical meristem

What evolutionary adaptation protects and nourishes the embryo?

Seeds

What advantage did abundant sunlight provide plants on land?

Increased photosynthesis

What is the correct order of major plant adaptations?

Cuticle → Sporopollenin → Vascular tissue → Lignin → Seeds → Flowers

What does the microsporangium produce?

Microspores (pollen)

What does the megasporangium produce?

Megaspores

What structure does the filament support?

Anther

What does the stigma receive?

Pollen

What does meiosis produce?

Haploid cells (spores)

What does mitosis produce?

Genetically identical cells

What is formed when one sperm fertilizes an egg?

Zygote (2n)

What is formed when one sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei?

Endosperm (3n)

What is double fertilization?

A process in angiosperms where one sperm forms a zygote and another forms endosperm

What is the function of ground tissue?

Photosynthesis, storage, and support

What is the function of dermal tissue?

Protection

What is the function of vascular tissue?

Transport

Which vascular tissue transports water and minerals?

Xylem

Which vascular tissue transports sugars?

Phloem

What are the root zones from bottom to top?

Zone of cell division → Zone of elongation → Zone of maturation

In which root zone do cells actively divide?

Zone of cell division

In which root zone do cells increase in size?

Zone of elongation

1

1

How are vascular bundles arranged in monocot stems?

Scattered

How are vascular bundles arranged in eudicot stems?

Ring

What is found in the center of a eudicot root?

Star-shaped xylem

What is found in the center of a monocot root?

Pith

How are vascular tissues arranged in a monocot root?

In a ring around the pith

What does homosporous mean?

Produces one type of spore

What does heterosporous mean?

Produces two types of spores

What are the two spore types produced by heterosporous plants?

Microspores and megaspores

What does a microspore develop into?

Male gametophyte

What does a megaspore develop into?

Female gametophyte

What is the embryo in a conifer seed?

Young sporophyte

What is the nutritive tissue in a conifer seed?

Food supply for the embryo

What is the seed coat in a conifer seed?

Protective outer covering

Which generation produces spores?

Sporophyte

Which generation produces gametes?

Gametophyte

Are spores haploid or diploid?

Haploid

Is a zygote haploid or diploid?

Diploid

What is the ploidy of the endosperm?

Triploid (3n)

What is the ploidy of a gametophyte?

Haploid (n)

What is the ploidy of a sporophyte?

Diploid (2n)