ANAPHY INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Integument

Includes body membranes, skin, hair, fingernails, and sweat and oil glands

Body Membranes

Structures that cover surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

Epithelium

A sheet of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands (one of the four main types of body tissues)

Epithelial Membranes

Membranes made of epithelium attached to underlying connective tissue

Connective Tissue Membranes

Membranes made entirely of connective tissue

Cutaneous Membrane (Skin)

A dry membrane consisting of a superficial epidermis and underlying dermis; serves as the outermost protective boundary

Superficial Epidermis

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium layer of the cutaneous membrane

Underlying Dermis

Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue layer underlying the epidermis

Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)

Epithelial membrane lining all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface; composed of surface epithelium over underlying loose connective tissue (Lamina propria)

Lamina Propria

The underlying loose connective tissue of a mucous membrane

Serous Membrane (Serosa)

Epithelial membrane lining body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body; composed of surface Simple squamous epithelium over underlying areolae connective tissue

Mucus

Thick, sticky secretion rich in mucin (a protein) produced by mucous membranes to trap dust, dirt, and microbes and keep surfaces moist

Serous Fluid

Thin, clear, watery fluid secreted by serous membranes to reduce friction between moving organs

Peritoneum

Specific serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity

Pleura

Specific serous membrane surrounding the lungs

Pericardium

Specific serous membrane surrounding the heart

Synovial Membrane

Connective tissue membrane composed of areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial layer); lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths

Bursae

Small sac of connective tissue lined by synovial membrane

Tendon Sheaths

Tube-like structures lined by synovial membrane

Connective Tissue Components

Made up of cells + fibers (like collagen) + ground substance

Hypodermic

Deep to the dermis

Hypodermic

Not part of the skin

Hypodermis

Anchors skin to underlying organs, composed mostly of adipose tissue, and nerves as shock absorber and insulation for deeper tissues

Keratinization

Hardening of cells by keratin leading to cell growth

Blister

Separation of epidermis and dermis

Stratum Basale (Basal Layer)

Deepest layer of epidermis lying next to dermis; Receives nutrients from the dermis by diffusion; Cells undergo mitosis

Stratum Spinosum (Spinous Layer)

Layer consisting of old stratum basalt cells; contains many Desmosomes to provide strength and flexibility to the skin

Stratum Granulosum (Granular Layer)

Layer consisting of old stratum spinosum cells

Stratum Lucidum

Layer of epidermis that occurs only in thick, hairless skin

Stratum Corneum

Outermost epidermal layer made of shingle-like dead cells that are ¾ of the epidermal thickness; completely filled with keratin cells called cornified or horny cells

Cornified (Horny) Cells

Dead cells in stratum corneum completely filled with keratin

Keratinocytes

Stem cells of the epidermis

Keratinocytes

Mitosis at the basal layer - upward migration- keratinization - cell death - shedding. Takes about 4 weeks for a basal cell to reach the surface and slough off

Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black

Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin, mostly located in the stratum basale

Carotene

An orange-yellow pigment found in some vegetables

Hemoglobin

Red coloring from blood cells in the dermis capillaries; its oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Redness (Erythema)

Skin color variation indicating blushing

Pallor (Blanching)

Skin becoming pale from fear, anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow

Jaundice (Yellow Cast)

A liver disorder where excess bile pigments are absorbed in the blood

Hematomas

Bruises or black-and-blue marks where blood has escaped from vessels and clotted in the tissue spaces

Cutaneous Glands

Exocrine glands that arise from the epidermis and release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts

Sebaceous Glands

Oil glands that produce sebum, lubricate the skin, kill bacteria, and prevent hair from becoming brittle

Sebum

An oily substance produced by sebaceous glands; most empty via ducts into hair follicles, and their glands are activated at puberty

Sudoriferous Glands

Also known as sweat glands; exocrine glands widely distributed in the skin that play a role in maintaining body homeostasis

Eccrine Glands

A type of sweat glands distributed all over the body that opens via a duct directly to a pore on the skin surface; plays a main role in thermoregulation

Apocrine Glands

A type of sweat gland restricted to areas like the armpits and groin whose ducts empty into hair follicles; activated during emotional stress and sexual arousal

Hair

Flexible epithelial structures produced by hair follicles that serve minor protective functions

Hair Follicle

The structure formed by dermal and epidermal sheaths that encloses the hair root and produces hair

Hair root

The part of the hair enclosed within the hair follicle

Hair Shaft

The part of the hair projecting from the surface of the skin or scalp

Hair Matrix

The growth zone at the base of the hair bulb containing actively dividing stem-like cells that produce hair

Medulla

The central core of a hair strand

Cortex

The middle, thickest layer of hair that surrounds the medulla and contains melanin pigment

Cuticle (Hair)

The outermost layer of hair formed from a single layer of thin, flat, overlapping dead cells (like roof shingles) that protect inner layers

Arrector Pilli

Smooth muscle bands connected to hair follicles that contract to cause hair to stand up (producing goosebumps)

Nails

Scale-like, heavily keratinized modifications of the epidermis

Free Edge

The unattached, protecting end of the nail

Nail Body

The visible attached portion of the nail

Nail Root

The proximal part of the nail embedded under the skin

Eponychium

The proximal nail fold that projects onto the nail body, commonly called the cuticle

Nail Matrix

The thickened proximal area of the stratum basale beneath the nail bed responsible for nail growth

Lumula

The white, crescent-shaped region at the base of the nail caused by the thickened nail matrix underneath

Athlete’s Foot (Tinea pedis)

A fungal infection occurring on the feet

Boils and Carbuncles

Skin infections causing inflamed lesions, caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus) in hair follicles and sebaceous glands

Cold Sores (Fever Blisters)

Small, fluid-filled blisters usually on the lips and oral mucosa, caused by herpes simplex viral infection

Contact Dermatitis

Skin inflammation and rash caused by exposure to certain chemicals that trigger an allergic reaction

Impetigo

Pink, water-filled, raise lesions around the mouth caused by a staphylococcus bacterial infection

Psoriasis

A chronic skin condition of unknown cause characterized by skin lesions; triggered by trauma, infection, or stress

Burns

Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV Radiation, or chemicals

Rule of Nines

A standardized method used to quickly estimate the extent of burns by dividing body into 11 areas, each representing approximately 9% of the total body surface area

First-Degree Burns

Partial-thickness burns where only the epidermis is damaged; skin becomes red and swollen and heals quickly

Second-Degree Burns

Partial-thickness burns damaging the epidermis and upper dermis; skin is red with blisters and typically heals without scarring

Third-Degree Burns

Full-thickness burns that destroy the entire skin layer; skin turns gray-white or black, nerve endings are destroyed (making it painless), and skin grating is required

Fourth-Degree Burns

Severe burns extending through the skin to injure underlying muscle, ligaments, tendons, blood vessels, and bones; always require medical treatment

Cancer

An abnormal, uncontrolled mass of cells

Benign Tumor

A non-cancerous, encapsulated cell mass that does not spread to other parts of the body

Malignant Tumor

A cancerous cell mass that metasizes (moves) to other parts of the body

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The least malignant and most common type of skin cancer; arises from cells of the stratum basale that no longer make keratin and stay in placw

Squamous cell carcinoma

A type of skin cancer that arises from the stratum spinosum; metasizes to lymph nodes, but early removal allows a good chance of cure

Malignant Melanoma

The most deadly form of skin cancer; a cancer of melanocytes that metasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels and is detected using the ABCD rule

ABCD Rule

A diagnostic guide used for detecting melanoma based on key characteristics of pigmented lesions: Asymmetry, Border Irregularity, Color, and Diameter

Asymmetry (A)

The condition where two sides of a pigmented mole do not match

Border Irregularity (B)

The condition where the borders of a mole are not smooth

Color (C)

The presence of different colors within a single pigmented area

Diameter (D)

A characterization of a pigmented spot measuring larger than 6 mm (or ¼ inch) in diameter

Epithelial Membranes

1. Cutaneous Membrane (Skin)

2. Mucous Membrane (Mucosae)

3. Serous Membrane (Serosae)

Connective Tissue Membranes

1. Synovial Membranes

Enumerate the types of Body Membranes

1. Stratum Basale

2. Stratum Spinosum

3. Stratum Granulosum

4. Stratum Lucideum

5. Stratum Corneum

Enumerate the layers of the Epidermis (Deep to Superficial)

1. Papillary Layer

2. Reticular Layer

Enumerate the layers of Dermis

1. Melanin

2. Carotene

3. Hemoglobin

Enumerate the Determinants of Normal Skin Color

1. Cutaneous Glands

2. Hair and Hair Follicles

3. Nails

Enumerate the Skin Derivatives/Appendages

1. Sebaceous (oil) glands

2. Sweat (sudoriferous) glands (eccrine and apocrine)

Enumerate the types of Cutaneous Glands

1. Fungal Infection (Tinea Pedis)

2. Bacterial Infection (Staphylococcus)

3. Viral Infection (Harley simplex)

4. Chemical exposure (Allergic Reaction)

5. Trauma, infection, or stress (psoriasis)

Enumerate the causes/triggers of skin infections&allergies

1. Athlete’s Foot (Tinea Pedis)

2. Boils and carbuncles

3. Cold sores (fever blisters)

4. Contact Dermatitis

5. Impetigo

6. Psoriasis

Common Skin Infections & Homeostatic Imbalance

1. Heat

2. Electricity

3. UV Radiation

4. Chemicals

Enumerate the Causes of Burns

1. Dehydration

2. Electrolyte Imbalance

3. Circulatory shock

4. Infection