AP world history- TIme period 2 (1450-1750)

Omani-European rivalry

protugesetrading fors being challenedby locals

In the start of this time period, what did the europeans become more interested in?

the Indian Ocean trade route

Prince Henry the Navigator

He encouraged maritime exploration and trade along Africa’s Atlantic coast. He was the first european monarch to finance sea travel in search of a water route to the east (portuguese)

What did the discovery of the “new world”by columbus cause?

this lead to a new pattern of long-distance trade and colonization which lead to the rise of the Maritime empires

Maritime empires

empires based on sea travel and trade rather than purely land expansion

the Caravel

a small three masted ship developed by the Portuguese that made sailing rough seas easier

cartography

mapmaking

lateen sail

triangle sail that could catch the wind from any direction allowing ships to sail on the ocean better

Carrack

portugal: square and lateen sails (ship)

caravel

Portugal and spain: lateen sails (ship)

fluyt

dutch: square (ship)

what did Newton’s idea of gravity do?

it increased the knowledge of the tides

What are the long-term results of combining navigational techniques in Europe?

it allowed rapid expansion of exploration and global trade and encouraged places like Russia to consolidate power.

In the beginning the 1400s who controlled the waterways between Europe and Asia?

Italy: they controlled the flow of goods between the two regions

How did Italy encouraged Spain, Portugal, France, and Engling to search for new water routes?

They controlled the flow of goods and this allowed the other Europeans to find new places to spread christianity

what were the 3 things that European nations sought after for?

Gold, Glory, God

What discovery incouraged Mercantilism?

silver and gold

Mercantilism

the more you buy to increase your wealth

what nation was the most supported in expoloration?

Portugal

Bartholomew Diaz

First to sail around the tip of Africa

Vasco da Gama

sailed further east than Diaz to India which allowed the portuguese to establish ports in india (this was the first step towards the creation of their trading post empire)

Afonso de Albuquerque

won a battle against Arab traders to win the port of Malacca (this opened the door to the indian ocean)

What was China during this time?

They didn’t change much and eventually closed their door to foreign nations (or wanted to stay relatively uninvolved)

What did Portugal do to make themselves into the first trading post empire?

They created a monopoly in the Indian ocean by building armed trading post around the Indias and Africa

What was the downfall of the portuguese?

They didn’t have enough people to control lots of land and there was corruption by merchants and government officials.

Who overpowered the Portuguese?

They were overpowered by the English in India and the Dutch in Malacca

Who was the first to circumnavigate the globe? Who sponsored this?

The Spanish and Ferdinand Magellan

Who did the Spaniards find in the Americas?

indigenous Americans like the Inca and Aztecs

What was the only thing China was really interested in?

Silver

Galleons

Silver that was transported on giant spanish ships

Importance of silver in China

They shifted to silver currency and it became a dominant force in the global economy

Northwest Passage

search of a waterway to east asia and spices

Jacques Cartier

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sailed from the Atlantic ocean to the northern US and claimed Canada for France

What did jacques cartier discover for the French?

they found out that North America had a ton of resources and they didn’t need to look for a way to Asia anymore

what type of trade were the french heavily involved in?

The fur trade

Quebec

a french fur trading post and tried to convert the natives to christianity

John Cabot

English explorer that searched for the Northwest passage

Jamestown

first english settlement in 1607 and was settled by joint-stock companies and those who seek religious freedom

Henry Hudson

The Dutch sent him to the East coast of north america in search of the northwest passage in 1609

how was did Henry Hudson become valuable to the dutch?

he claimed the Hudson River Valley and the island of Manhattan. They called it ew Amsterdam (NYC) and it was very prosperous due to the location of major rivers flowing the ocean.

Diseases in the americas

the Native americans didn’t have immunity t the european diseases due to the centuries of isolation. This caused 50-90% of the indigenous populations to die

What diseases were in America?

Smallpox, masies, influenza, and malaria

How did the Americas being discovereed good?

it allowed the introduction of meats like pigs and cows,and a surplus of food. It allowed natives to focus on art and spirituality.

What did the Europeans took from the Americas?

Corn, potatoes, omatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao

what did portugal focus on in the new world?

sugar

What did sugar kickstart?

the triangular trade and forced migration of saved into the new world

what did the profitability of sugar encouraged in spain?

They focus on the colonies on cash crop agriculture and sugar became a main form of money for eurep (tobacco follows soon)

African Diaspora

the forced movement of African people

Who setup the trading posts in Africa?

The Portuguese and then nater the other European powers

What threw the African region into a long term decline?

The portugueses takeover of the ports on the swahili coasts

What was Japan’s take on Christianity?

They tolerated it at first but the missionaries that came from portugal and Dutch traders became too strong. THis caused the japanese government to ban christian worship in 1587.

The Ming dynasty limited outside influence by doing what?

restricting trade, destroying the dockyards, limiting the size of ships, and reconstruction of the great wall

British East India Joint-Stock Company

They traded with the Mughal empire, and focused originally on trade. Eventually great Britain controlled most of the indian subcontinent by making treaties with local rulers.

new spain

established by Hernando Cortes and the spanish empire after the defeat of the Aztec empire

Spain vs Portugal

They had tensions in the new world and divided the Americas. Spain got the West and Portugal got the east (including brazil)

French vs Great Britain

In North America great britain eventually pushed out the French in Canada (they did this in the French and Indian War)

Portugal in the indian Ocean

They had a superior navy, armed trading posts, and were relatively the same other than the taxes

Indian Ocean Slave Trade

African slaves were taken to North Africa , middle east, and India

Silver In Mexico

Indigenous people were dying of diseases and refused to work. Sain reimagined the Inca mit’a system. All villages had to send a certain amount of workers to the silver mine.

Hacienda system

Spain: it forced indigenous people to work in agricultural farms in the new world to grow wheat, fruit, vegetables, and sugar

Encomienda system

Spain: landowners coerced indigenous people to work for them in exchange for shelter

African Slave Trade (new world)

slaves were taken from Africa. 10-15% of slaves died on the Middle passage.

What did the African Slave trade cause in the New world?

there were more women than men which lead to Polygyny and the african government became unstable

Commercial Revolution

the global economy shifted to using gold and silver

What was the effect of the commercial revolution?

it developed european oversea colonies, opened the new ocean trade routes, population growth, ad inflation.

Price Revolution

The high rate of inflation from all of the gold and silver

Joint-Stock Companies

They financed trade and exploration and allowed investors to buy portions of the corporation to finance trade. This offered limited liability to individuals

The dutch finances

They became incredibly wealthy as they were pioneers in finance. They had a stock exchange, were the middlemen of european trade, and even had banks ot trade currencies.

Metacom’s War

the final effort of indigenous people to push great Britain out of New england by ended with the subjugation of the wampanoag people to the english

Fronde Rebellion

In france nobles that had power began to weaken and the people started to rebel against kIng louis XIV

Maratha Rebellion

Mughal India had a hindu warrior group that was against the mughal empire. This led to the creation of the Maratha Empire and the effective end of the Mughal empire.

Pueblo revolt

A revolt against the Spanish in modern New Mexico. Pueblo and Apache natives against the Spanish.

haitian Revolution

haitian slaves against the french and was the only successful slave revolution that was won

Ana Nzinga

African ruler that aligned with Portugal to try and protect her kingdom from neighboring kingdoms and the slave trade. The alliance fell and she established Matamba.

Resistance in Russia

nobles grew powerful after wars weakened the Russian government which led to heavy taxes on serfs

Cossacks

Runaway serfs that banded together to become mighty warriors

Pugachev’s Rebellion

peasant uprising against catherine the great who gave the nobles more power over the serfs

Maroon wars

slaves in the caribbean that fought to gain freedom from england, and established independent settlements under Queen Nanny.

What did the Glorious Revolution strengthened the power of?

Parliament

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

He expanded Russia into Central Asia using gunpowder using cossacks to fight local tribes

Ming Dynasty

overthrew the Mongol Yuan Dynasty and stablizided china but couldn’t expand much due to the mongols

Manchu

north in Manchuria and took over China creating the Qing Dynasty

Emperor Kangxi

incorporated Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central ASia

emperor qianlong

A poet that encouraged the arts. He expanded westward and conquered Muslims with brutality.

Tamerlane

Mongol Turkic ruler that invaded central asia and the Middle east from his capital of samarkand to conquer Persia and India (he massacred 100,000 Hindus).

Ghazi ideal

model for warrior life (blend of nomadic vales and holy fighter for islam)

Tamerlane’s importance

success of gunpowder conquest and he cleared the way for new empires to rise

Mehmed II (the conqueror)

he conquered constantinople due to gunpowder and expanded the black sea

Suleiman I (the magnificent)

he ruled at the peak of the Ottoman empire

The safavids

Ismail expanded into Persia and Iraq and was proclaimed as shah

Shah Abbas I

Ruled the safavids at its height

Women in the safavid empire

they were allowed to participate in society, inherit wealth, and divorce

Mughal empire

founded by Babur and was one of the richest and best governed states in the world. Sea trade flourished

Who ruler during the Mughal empire’s hight?

Akbar

Decline of the Ottoman Empire

weak sultans, strong european neighbors, and failed siege of vienna

Decline of the Safavid empire

ineffectual leaders, lavish lifestyle, and military spending

decline of the Mughal empire

increasingly unstable due to revolts by local princes. The french/british took advantage to gain more economic power in India

Aurangzeb

inherited a weak and corrupt mughal empire but wanted to expand and get rid of hindu influences. This drained the treasury and rebellions against his strict islamic rule.

Divine Right of Kings

claim that the right to rule was given to a king by God