TEST #3 SOC 110

Chapters 13, 14, 17, paradigm quizzes 1 & 2, economics quiz, family quiz, and social change quiz

A sociologist from which of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in the text and class is most likely to point out that the education system ensures that society has a skilled workforce?

structural functionalism

A sociologist from which of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in the text and class would be most likely to point out that children from different cultural backgrounds may interpret conversations with teachers in different ways?

symbolic interactionism

A sociologist from which of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in the text and class notes would be most likely to say that the way the educational system is organized in the United States benefits the rich at the expense of the poor?

social conflict

A sociologist from which of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in the text would be most likely to point out that the health care system is organized in a way to benefit doctors and insurance companies at the expense of the consumer?

social conflict

A sociologist from which of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in the text would be most likely to point out that the health care system in the United States is organized in a way that ensures the maximum benefit for everyone?

structural functionalism

A sociologist from which of the three major sociological perspectives discussed in the text and class notes would be most likely to point out that all the social actors in a hospital, including doctors, nurses, and patients are behaving according to expectations attached to their respective roles?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the paradigms would argue that social institutions serve some purpose?

structural functionalism

Which of the paradigms would look at a social institution as being organized in a way to benefit the powerful?

social conflict

A theorist from which of the paradigms would be most interested in the interactions and meanings that individuals experience within a social institution?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the paradigms would focus on the fact that the military is a source of employment and provides security?

structural functionalism

Which of the paradigms would likely look at the military as a way for the powerful to get the less powerful to fight on their behalf?

social conflict

Which of the paradigms would be interested in how soldiers of various ranks interact and interpret each other’s interactions?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the paradigms assumes that patterned behavior must somehow serve a purpose or benefit society?

structural functionalism

Which of the paradigms assumes that society is set up to benefit the powerful?

social conflict

Which of the paradigms focuses on interactions and how people interpret them?

symbolic interactionism

Which of the following is NOT a way that the industrial revolution changed the economy?

(a) centralization of work in factories

(b) increase in wage labor

(c) an increase in people working in agriculture

(d) specialization

(c ) an increase in people working in agriculture

Which of the following is NOT a change brought about by the Information Revolution?

(a) a shift from factories to almost anywhere

(b) an increase in the importance of mechanical skills

(c) a shift from tangible products to ideas

(d) an increase in the importance of literary skills

(b) an increase in the importance of mechanical skills

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of an increasingly global economy?

(a) a small number of businesses control vast shares of the world's economic activity

(b) more products pass through more nations

(c) a global division of labor

(d) an increase in the control governments have over goods an services

(d) an increase in the control governments have over goods and services

The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment is called?

the primary sector

The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods is called?

the tertiary sector

The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods is called?

the secondary sector

The agricultural revolution began when..?

people harnessed animals to plows

The economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned in called..?

capitalism

An economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned is called..?

socialism

An economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs is called..?

welfare capitalism

Economy

the social institution that organizes a society’s production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Goods

commodities ranging from necessities to luxury items

Services

activities that benefit people

Agricultural Revolution

By harnessing animals to plows 5,000 years ago, the economy was made into a distinct social institution based on agricultural technology, specialized work, permanent settlements, and trade

Industrial Revolution

Beginning around 1750, the economy was expanded based through new sources of energy, the centralization of work in factories, manufacturing and mass production, specialization, and increases in wage labor

Postindustrial Economy

a productive system based on service work and high technology (like automated machinery and robots)

Information Revolution

a part of the postindustrial economy that has introduced new kinds of products and new forms of communication, changing the character of work

What three significant changes did the Information Revolution bring about?

(1) tangible products were converted to ideas

(2) literary skills were prioritized over mechanical skills

(3) instead of working in factories, now employees can work from almost anywhere

What are the three sectors of the economy?

(1) primary sector

(2) secondary sector

(3) tertiary sector

Primary sector

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

Secondary sector

the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

Tertiary sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

Capitalism

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are privately owned

Socialism

an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services and collectively owned

Welfare capitalism

an economic and political system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs

State capitalism

an economic and political system in which companies are privately owned by cooperate closely with the government

Where is the highest rate of unemployment found?

Young, black people

Labor unions

organizations of workers that seek to improve wages and working conditions through various strategies, including negotiations and strikes

Profession

a precious white-collar occupation that requires extensive formal education

What four characteristics does an occupation need to be considered a profession?

(1) Theoretical knowledge of a field rather than mere technical training

(2) A self-regulating practice oversaw by work guided by a code of ethics

(3) Authority over clients who seek them out and chose to follow their advice and decisions

(4) Community orientation rather than self-interest

Self-employment

earning a living without being on the payroll of a large organization

Automation

the use of automatic machinery or other equipment to preform work

Corporation

an organization with legal existence, including rights and liabilities, separate from that of its members

Conglomerate

a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations

Monopoly

the domination of a market by a single producer

Oligopoly

the domination of a market by a few producers

Politics

the social institution that distributes power, sets a society’s goals, and makes decisions

Power

the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

Government

a formal organization that directs the political life of a society

Authority

power that people perceive as legitimate rather than coercive

Max Weber claimed that raw power is transformed into legitimate power in what three ways?

(1) traditional authority

(2) rational-legal authority (or bureaucratic authority)

(3) charismatic authority

Traditional authority

power legitimized by respect for long-established cultural patterns

Rational-legal authority (or bureaucratic authority)

power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations

Charismatic authority

power legitimized by extraordinary personality abilities that inspire devotion and obedience

Monarchy

a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation

Democracy

a political system that gives power to the people as a whole

Authoritarianism

a political system that denies the people’s participation in government

Totalitarianism

a highly centralized political system that extensively regulates people’s lives

Welfare state

a system of government agencies and programs that provide benefits to the population

Special-interest groups

people organized to address some economic or social issue

Voter apathy

a lack of interest among voters in the elections of representative democracies

Political action committee (PAC)

an organization formed by a special-interest group, independent of political parties, to raise and spend money in support of political goals

The three theories of power in society

(1) Pluralist model

(2) Power-elite model

(3) Marxist political-economy model

Pluralist model

an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups

Power-elite model

an analysis of politics that sees power as concentrated among the rich

Marxist political-economy model

an analysis of politics that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society’’s economic system

Political revolution

the overthrow of one political system in order to establish another

What four traits do revolutions share?

(1) rising expectations

(2) unresponsive government

(3) radical leadership by intellectuals

(4) establishing a new legitimacy

Terrorism

acts of violence or the threat of violence used as a political strategy by an individual or group

War

organized, armed conflict among the people of two or more nations, directed by their governments

What are the five causes of war?

(1) perceived threats

(2) social problems

(3) political objectives

(4) moral objectives

(5) the absence of alternatives

What are the four recent approaches to world peace?

(1) deterrence

(2) high-technology defense

(3) diplomacy and disarmament

(4) resolving underlying conflict

Military-industrial complex

the close association of the federal government, the military, and the defense industries

Nuclear proliferation

the acquisition of nuclear weapons technology by an increasing number of nations

Family

a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children

Extended family (or Consanguine family)

a family composed of parents and children, as well as other kin

Nuclear family (or Conjugal family)

a family composed of one or two parents and their children

Families of affinity

people who think of themselves as family and wish for others to see them that way

Kinship

a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, and adoption

Marriage

a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, an childbearing

Endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

Exogamy

marriage between people of different social categories

Monogamy

marriage that unites two partners

Polygamy

marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses

Descent

the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

Bilateral descent

a system tracking kinship through both men and women

Polygyny

polygamy in which a man has more than one wife

Polyandry

polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband

Patrilocality

a social system in which a married couple resides with or near the husband’s parents

Neolocality

a social system in which a married couple resides away from both the husband and wife’s parents

Matrilocality (or Matrilocal residence)

a social system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife’s parents

Patrilineal

a descent system that traces kinship through men

Matrilineal

a descent system that traces kinship through women

Homogamy

marriage between people with the same social characteristics

Infidelity

sexual activity outside one’s marriage