A&P 2: Exam 3

podocytes, filtration

__, or specialized ‘foot cells’ in the Bowman’s capsule are the site of the movement of plasma into the nephron, called __

sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

blood vessels entering the glomerulus are quickly constricted upon _____ activation but are fully dilated with _____ activation to maximize filtration at rest

peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

__ run along the tubules of the nephron and are essential for exchange between the cardiovascular system and the tubules and the __ supplies nutrients to the kidney tissues without distributing its osmolarity

angiotensin II, afferent arteriole

____ a potent vasoconstriction, decreases glomerular filtration rate but when _ is dilated the glomerular filtration will increase

bicarbonate ion, hydrogen ion

in a state of acidosis, a __ is returned to the blood for every __ secreted into tubular fluid

ammonia, urea

the harmful nitrogen product, __ is converted to less harmful __ in the liver, allowing for safe passage of this waste in the urine

osmosis, sodium and potassium pump

__, which is the movement of water from low solute concentrations to high solute concentrations is facilitated by activity of the __ which acts to maintain low intracellular sodium levels and it uses ATP to function

antiporter

what is the name for a protein structure that specifically allows transport of more than one molecule in opposite directions?

they balance urine and blood through multiple secretion, reabsorption, and filtration events

what is NOT true of nephrons?

proximal convoluted tubule

in the kidney, most of the filtered water and solutes are returned to the blood stream from the:

bicarbonate

metabolic alkalosis could occur if which of the following was too high:

atrial natriuretic peptide

what decreases water reabsorption in the kidney?

creating the action potential in a neuron

what is NOT a function of calcium in the body

it is a critical intracellular cofactor

what is true of magnesium

high blood albumin levels

what would NOT be a sign of poor kidney function?

sodium

the average daily intake of what electrolyte typically far exceeds normal requirements

parathyroid hormone

what hormone regulates levels of calcium and phosphate in the body

Na+ mainly outside the cells , K+ inside the cells

what best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids?

glucose

which molecule, when found in large quantities in the urine, could indicate diabetes?

replacing fluids lost to vomiting with plain water can lead to convulsions

what is true

cortical- used to maintain water and sodium levels- majority

juxtamedullary- used during dehydration - gets rid of concentrated urine- 15%

what are the two types of nephron and how do they differ?

fenestrated endothelium- inner linings of the capillaries, doesn’t let in cells just plasma

slit membrane in pedicels- made of collagen and glycoproteins, stop medium sized proteins

basement membrane- wrap around proteins, stops large proteins

describe three layers of the renal filtration membrane, and what each excludes

anti diuretic, aldosterone

name two hormones that increase reabsorption of water

protein, phosphate, and carbonic-acid-bicarbonate

what are the three major buffering reactions or chemicals in the body

signal of release- ANP released from the heart chambers to help lower blood pressure

what is the signal for the release of atrial natriuretic peptide, from where it is released and what overall effect does it have on blood pressure?

low blood pressure into the glomerulus can lead to poor kidney filtering

why would an afferent arteriole blood pressure of 40mmHG arriving at the glomerulus be problematic

principal- balance salt and water

intercalated cells- balance acid and bicarbonate

name two major roles of each intercalated cells and principal cells in the nephron?

male have a longer urethra and bladder is anterior to rectum

name two major differences in male and female urinary systems

diuretics will help you pee more and helps your body loss extra fluid and salt; loop diuretic

define diuretic and name one. What effect does consuming it have on urine production?

urinary incontinence- pressure on bladder and can put stress on the urinary sphincter and involuntarily open it

what is the physiological explanation for laughing so hard that you pee? What is the involuntary release of urine called?