Chapter 1.1 Early Civilization

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10 Terms

1
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Paleolithic Era

Human history's initial phase characterized by societies relying on gathering, hunting, and fishing without agriculture, leading to small, nomadic, and egalitarian communities.

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Agricultural Revolution

Transition marked by crop cultivation and animal domestication, enabling settled societies and laying the foundation for future developments in human history.

3
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Pastoral societies

Nomadic herders utilizing animals for productivity, emerging in regions where agriculture was challenging, often leading to conflicts with agrarian societies.

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Chiefdoms

Organizational structures where chiefs held authority based on lineage, ritual status, or charisma, managing economic activities, conflicts, and tribute redistribution.

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Civilizations

Advanced societies resulting from the Agricultural Revolution, characterized by urban centers, organized states, occupational specialization, and hierarchies.

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Role of cities

Central to early civilizations, serving as political, cultural, economic hubs, facilitating governance, trade, and technological advancements.

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Occupational Specialization

Introduction of specialized roles like scholars, merchants, priests, and soldiers in civilizations, supported by peasant farmers, leading to societal complexities.

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Inequalities

Egalitarianism giving way to hierarchies based on wealth, status, and power, with the rise of patriarchy and specialized workforce in civilizations.

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Innovations

Technological and scientific progress in civilizations, such as bureaucracy, silk production, mathematics, and medicine, contributing to societal advancements.

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Social Structure and Stratification

Contrasting social systems in civilizations like China and India, emphasizing bureaucracy and social mobility versus caste system and inherited status.