○͏͏ world history ap exam

studying

the three networks of exchange connecting Afro-Eurasia in this period were

the trans-saharan trade route (north africa), the silk road (asia), and the indian ocean trade network

Trade routes increased the demand for ___ goods like silk and porcelain, allowing for the transfer of knowledge and the creation of new ___ cities

luxury, trade

growth and expansion of trade routes gave rise to the ___ Empire, which later broke into ___ after the death of its founder

mongol, khanates

The Networks of Exchange (major trade routes of Afro-Eurasia) led to the spread of belief systems like ___ (East Asia) and ___ (Africa and Asia). Meanwhile, travelers like ___ recorded their experiences.

buddhism, islam, marco polo/ibn battuta/margery kempe

The Networks of exchange led to the diffusion of crops like ___, increasing the population of East Asia, but also the spread of pathogens like the ___

champa rice, bubonic plague

what was the point of caravanserais?

literally called "caravan palaces", these were stations along trade routes that could store goods for merchants and provide overnight protection from bandits

papermaking, gunpowder, and the bubonic plague originated in which region?

east asia (though the bubonic plague also originated from central asia as well)

algebra and astrolabe originated in which region?

the middle east

how did the invention of paper affect the networks of exchange?

paper money revolutionized the methods and means of trade by allowing merchants to no longer have to carry large coins or metals. paper money also allowed trade to flow more expeditiously.

what were the three effects the silk roads had on cities like samarkand and kashgar?

these cities grew into major hubs of trade due to their location on the main trade route of the silk roads in asia and served as centers for cultural diffusion with belief systems, technologies, and other transfers like papermaking increasing amongst citizens.

what was the political impact of the expansion of the mongol empire on the middle east?

the mongol expansion into the middle east led to the end of the abbasid caliphate when baghdad fell in 1258 through hulagu khan's invasion

what was the political impact of the expansion of the mongol empire on russia?

the mongol expansion into eastern europe destroyed the kievan rus, leaving russia to be later ruled by the golden horde

what was the political impact of the expansion of the mongol empire on east asia?

the mongol expansion led to the downfall of both the jin and song dynasties. they were replaced with the mongol yuan dynasty

the mongols followed the ___ to quickly conquer most of asia utilizing horses and ___

the silk roads, gunpowder/arrows

identify one technological and cultural transfer that the mongols encouraged across their vast empire

the mongol empire expanded the size and scope of trade along the silk roads. some technological transfer include gunpowder, the compass, the astrolabe, and astronomy. culturally, they fostered the spread of major belief systems like islam and buddhism, as well as literature and philosophy.

what was the compass/astrolabe's purpose and how did it impact the indian ocean trade?

the compass/astrolabe helped navigators know their location and direction on their journeys. this meant that navigators could more accurately reach their destinations, speeding up the rate of trade along the routes.

what was the sail design's purpose and how did it impact the indian ocean trade?

lateen and other sail innovations allowed for more direct travel and ability to sail directly into the wind. navigators were no longer held at bay by winds and could easily travel windward, speeding up trade

what was a larger ship design's purpose and how did it impact the indian ocean trade?

larger ship designs allowed for more trade volume to be stored on the ship. this meant navigators could carry more goods to and from various ports, speeding up the amount of regional trade

after crossing the sahara desert, ___ was the trade city with most travelers, often traveling in groups known as ___ for safety

timbuktu, caravans

how would advances in technology benefit trans-saharan merchants?

camel saddles played a similar role to larger ship designs for maritime trade. they allowed camel caravans to drastically increase the amount of goods that could be traded along the networks of exchange.

the ___ empire flourished on this route under the leadership of ___. the religion that played the largest role in linking sub-saharan africa to the rest of afro-eurasia was ___

malian, mansa musa, islam

how did buddhism in east asia (A), hinduism/buddhism in southeast asia (B), and islam in sub-saharan africa and asia (C) culturally impact the regions to which they spread?

a. spread across the networks of exchange and became the most important belief system

b. spread from india; first hinduism, then buddhism both laid the cultural foundation

c. culturally tied the sub-saharan world to dar-al islam via the trans-saharan trade

what was the impact of ibn battuta and where did he travel?

traveled to the middle east, central asia, south asia, southeast asia, east asia, north africa, west africa, and east africa. he had the most complete travel log of any traveler of this time and his descriptions of life in africa/asia provided historians with a wealth of information

what was the impact of marco polo and where did he travel?

traveled to europe, middle east, central asia, south asia, and east asia. his accounts of living with the mongols and kublai khan as they ruled over china provided historians with an outsiders account of mongol life in china

identify one way that the growth of these inter-regional trade routes played into the creation of images like the one above

one of the most immediately impactful outcomes of the growth of inter-regional trade in this period was the spread of diseases that killed millions. for example, the bubonic plague--that is referenced in this picture--spread from central/east asia into the rest of afro-eurasia

merchants living far from home would often establish ___ communities where they introduced their culture to new places and were, in turn, impacted by indigenous culture

diasporic

the diffusion of crops like ___ to africa from southeast asia and ___ from china to the rest of afro-eurasia helped increase and diversify caloric intake for these populations

bananas/citrus fruits, new varities of rice (ex. champa rice)

caravanserai

inn or rest station for caravans

diaspora

a community of people who have left their traditional homeland but still remain connected to it, becoming a scattered group across different countries

bubonic plague

a bacterial infection caused by pests/fleas that originated from central/east asia and travelled by trade

champa rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests

monsoon winds

a large scale, seasonal shift in wind direction, causing air to blow from the sea to the land in the summer and from the land to the sea in the winter

khanate

a political state of territory ruled by a khan, a supreme mongol leader

money economy

a system where goods and services are exchanged for money instead of bartering

porcelain

expensive ceramic from china

siege of baghdad (1258)

a mongolian army commanded by hulegu that sieged baghdad and collapsed the abbasid caliphate

pax mongolica

a period of peace and stability across the mongol empire, where cultural exchange and economic growth improved through silk road trade and infrastructure. there was also religious tolerance, the establishment of a reliable postal system (the yam), protection of merchants on the silk road, and other technologies such as gunpowder and papermaking

genghis khan

founder of the mongol empire

kublai khan

grandson of genghis khan and most famous for founding the yuan dynasty/conquering the song dynasty in 1279

what time period is unit two?

(c. 1200--c. 1450)

the regions that dominated this period were ___ with the incas and aztecs, ___ where the song dynasty reigned, and the home to dar al-islam, ___

americas, east asia, the middle east

different belief systems impacted each region. in east asia, ___ and ___ had the greatest impact. the middle east was devoted to ___.

buddhism, confuscianism, islam

major innovations developed in china including warfare innovations like ___ and agricultural innovations like ___.

gunpowder, champa rice

dar al-islam developed innovations in mathematics like ___ while encouraging transfers from greco-roman ideas like ___

algebra, medicine/philosophy

politically, the ___ system dominated much of the planet as most places remained decentralized

feudal

identify the characteristics of buddhism that was prevalent in song china

middle way, nirvana, eightfold path, dharma

identify the characteristics of confuscianism that was prevalent in song dynasty

filial piety, self-cultivation, dao/tao, ancestor worship

identify the characteristics of taoism that was prevalent in song dynasty

lao tzu, dao/tao, tao te qing, harmony/nature

rulers of the song dynasty used the ___ to appoint people to positions within the imperial bureaucracy

civil service exam

what were the two ways agricultural innovations, like champa rice, benefit east asia?

champa rice benefitted east asia by providing a crop of rice that could be harvested 2-3 times per season allowing farmers to profit more from its cultivation. champa rice also provided the people of east asia to increase their caloric intake which led to higher populations

what were the two examples of how chinese traditions affected other areas in east asia(japan or korea)?

chinese traditions directly impacted the neighboring regions of korea and japan. confuscianism and buddhism both transferred of korea/japan with varying degrees of acceptance. japan and korea incorporated both imperial exam/civil service exam and buddhism with varying degrees of acceptance

the song dynasty lost the mandate of heaven and their rule of china was ended by the invasion of ___.

the mongol empire

mandate of heaven

an ancient chinese philosophical and political concept that grants a ruler the right to govern, but only if they do so justly and wisely

following centuries of domination by arabs and persians, the ___ came to dominate dar al-islam

turks

identify two ways islam spread throughout afro-eurasia

islam spread through afro-eurasia from the works of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis

advancements from dar al-islam included ___ and ___ in mathematics and ___, ___, and ___ in literature

algebra, trignometry, poetry, philosophy, history

south and southeast asia were dominated by what three belief systems?

hinduism, buddhism, and islam

one cause of the siege of baghdad was the rapid expansion of the ___ empire across the networks of exchange. one effect of the siege of baghdad was the end of the ___ ___

mongol, abbasid caliphate

what were the hindu states in south and southeast asia?

vijayanagara empire, rajput kingdoms, srivijaya empire, khmer empire, majapahit

what were the buddhist states in south and southeast asia?

sukhothai empire, sinhala dynasties, srivijaya empire, khmer empire

the most influential sultante in south asia during this period was the ___ sultanate

delhi

african political history in this period was dominated by the west africa empires of ___, ___ and ___

ghana, mali, songhai

what was the religious cause and the economic effect of mansa musa's journey to mecca?

mansa musa, like much of sub-saharan africa, had converted to islam as merchants and connections to dar al-islam increased in this period. mansa musa's entourage spent so much of his wealth (gold) on the journey that he notoriously crashed the economy of cairo

the two most important natural resources exported from sub-saharan africa were ___ and ___

gold, salt

identify two characteristics of great zimbabwe in southern africa

great zimbabwe was the seat of political power for a ruler in southern africa (modern day zimbabwe). it was most remembered for its stone enclosures with walls of 11 meters that were built with no mortar. great zimbabwe was believed to be a key trading post located between the zambezi and limpopo rivers

europe became even more decentralized in this period as the ___ system organized the structures of daily life

manorial

manorial system

a feudal-era economic and social system in medieval europe that centered on self-sufficient farming estates called manors

neo-confuscianism

a major philosophical movement that emerged in china during the song dynasty that blended confucian ethics with elements of buddhism and daoism. it was combined to profit off the success of both religions

foot binding

foot binding was a practice in china where women tightly bound their feet to alter their shape and size

champa rice

a type of rice that could grow twice a year and was extremely drought and weather resistant

shogun

the herditary military dictator and de-facto ruler of a country that holds supreme power over the emperor

samurai

an elite, hereditary military retainer and member of the noble warrior aristocracy in feudal japan; served powerful lords under a strict code of honor

caliphate

an islamic empire ruled by a caliph

sufism

a mystic tradition within islamd focused on achieving a direct, personal experience with god through meditation or prayer

abbasids

arab-muslim dynasty (750--1258 CE) from spain to central asia with baghdad as their capital

turkic

relating to a large group of closely related altaic languages of western/central asia including turkish, uighur, kazakh, uzbek, tatar, etc.

delhi sultanate

a muslim dynasty that ruled much of the indian subcontinent from the 13th-16th century

serfdom

a system of labor and social organization in medieval and early modern europe where serfs were bound to the land they worked, belonging to a lord, in exchange for protection and a small plot of land for themselves

feudalism

a political and social system in medieval europe that organized society around land ownership, where a king granted land to nobles in exchange for military service and loyalty. these nobles provided land a protection to serfs, who were bound to it and their lord

great zimbabwe

an ancient bantu city and capital of a major kingdom that flourished from 11th-15th century; known for being wealthy and controlled the gold, ivory, and copper trade, as well as building a wall around the city

mansa musa

richest man in the world and ninth mansa of the mali empire

ibn battuta

a traveller, explorer and scholar who kept extensive records on africa in his travel log

marco polo

an italian merchant, explorer and writer who travelled through asia along the silk road

what time period is unit one?

(c. 1200--c. 1450)