AP CHEM YAYAYAYAYAY

Coulomb’s Law

energy of an electron(dependent on distance from nucleus); E = k(+q)(-q)/r^2; +q = magnitude of positive charge(nucleus), -q = magnitude of negative charge(electron), r = distance between charges

binding energy

energy required to remove an electron; + value always

ionization energy

energy required to eject an electron

aufbau principle

electrons are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing energy

pauli exclusion principle

two electrons in the same orbital have opposite spin

hund’s rule

when an electron is added to a subshell, it will always occupy an empty orbital first if one is available

atomic radius(left-right)

decreases; protons added so valence electrons more attracted to nucleus

atomic radius(up-down)

increases; shells of electrons are added to the nucleus, shielding effect lowers the effect of increasing protons

ionization energy(left-right)

increases; protons are added making the valence electrons more attracted to the nucleus which increases the energy required to remove them

ionization energy(up-down)

decreases; shells of electrons are added so the inner shell shields the more distant shells reducing the pull on the V.E. by the nucleus.

electronegativity

how strongly the nucleus of an atom attracts the electrons of other atoms in a bond

intersitial alloy

metal atoms with vastly different radii combine

substitutional alloy

metal atoms with similar radii

single bond

1 sigma, order = 1, length = longest, energy/strength = least

double bond

1 sigma, 1 pi, order = 2, length = middle, energy/strength = middle

triple bond

1 sigma, 2 pi, order = 3, length = shortest, energy/strength = greatest

KMT Assumptions

1. temperature directly proportional to K.E. of a gas
2. all gases at a given temperature have the same K.E.(identity doesn’t matter)
3. no imfs between gas moleucles
4. individual gas molecules don’t have volume


1. molecules don’t lose energy with collisions

effusion

rate at which a gas will escape from a container through microscopic holes in the surface of the container, increases with velocity of molecules(higher temperatures, lower molar mass when at same temp)

ideal gas law with density

M = DRT/P

isoelectronic

molecules with the same number of electrons or same electronic structure

paramagnetic

one or more unpaired electrons

diamagnetic

all electrons are paired up

amphoteric

substance with the ability to act as an acid or a base, H2O

activation energy, Ea

energy required for a reaction to occur

effective collisions

collisions that lead to a chemical reaction

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