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Aim of Social Psychology
The aim is to be able to control the influences on us in everyday life
Social Influences Factors
Relationships, Age, Gender, Race, Religion
Specific Social Influence Factors
Clothing, Makeup, Social media. Vaping, Drinking
The Continuum of Social Influence
Obedience - Compliance - Conformity - Independence - Assertiveness - Defiance
Dispositional Factors
Personality Characteristics
Situational Factors
Surrounding People or Events
Experimental Factors
Manipulated IV, Control and Experimental Group, Can control of extraneous variables, Random Allocation
Observational Factors
Naturally Occurring IV, No control over extraneous variables, No Random Allocation
Qualitative Factors
No IV
Experimental Ad and Dis
Can control variables, Can manipulate IV, Low ecological validity, Unethical sometimes, Expensive to carry out, Can replicate again, High Causality
Obedience
A form of social influence when an individual responds to a direct order, usually from an authority figure
Terms Associated with Obedience
Personal Responsibility, Peer Support, De-individuation, Prestige or status of the Authority figure, Legitimacy of the Authority figure, Proximity to the Authority figure, Status of the location
Milgramās Study - The Teacher
ā Teacher (participant) - presenting the words to the learner and if the answer is wrong, punishment occurs. The electric shocks increase as more errors occur up to 450 volts
Milgramās Study - The Learner
ā Learner (confederate) - purposely gets the answers wrong. As part of the act, they ask the teacher to stop the punishment and becomes more agonised.
Milgramās Study - The Authority Figure
ā Authority Figure - white lab coat for status, next to the teacher, encouraging them to continue with the questions by saying things like āPlease continue, you have no choice, you must go on, it is critical you continue, the experiment requires you to continueā
Milgramās Study - The Results
65% of participants (teachers) continued to the highest level of voltage (450 volts) whereas all managed to reach 300 volts. The general consensus from experts beforehand is that only 4% of participants would go to 300 volts.
Milgramās Study - Anonymity
ā Anonymity occurred in Milgramās experiments, as the teacher was unable to see the learner being shocked, a factor increases de-individuation
Milgramās Study - Personal Responsibility
Personal responsibility was decreased and placed on the authority figure, perhaps explaining why so many people continued to administer high level shocks
De-individuation
The person loses a sense of identity and behaves in different ways from normal. Often itās innocent behaviour but not always.
Importance of Social Influence on Obedience
When acting as a group, the influence of others upon yourself cause obedience to be higher or lower depending on the situation
Situational vs Dispositional Factors in Regards to Obedience
Situational factors are more prominent in regards to obedience than dispositional factors
Definition of Conformity
A form of social influence where individuals yield to group pressure and āA change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressureā
Types of Conformity
Compliance, Identification and Internalisation
Define Compliance
A public change in behaviour to be more like the majority, however, internally no change in original beliefs, values or ways to act. This is the Shallowest level of conformity
Define Identification
Taking on the views of individuals or groups we admire (changes public and private behaviour and beliefs only when with a certain group, keeping own opinion when you are on your own). This is the Middle level of conformity
Define Internalisation
A true change of beliefs ā believing a group is right in their actions, so one will adjust their behaviours and beliefs accordingly. This is the Deepest level of conformity
Why do people conform?
Due to Normative Social Influence and Informational Social Influence
Define Normative Social Influence
When a person conforms to be accepted or belong to a group. This relates to Compliance and Identification (short term changes)
Define Informational Social Influence
When a person conforms to gain knowledge or because they believe that someone else is ārightā. This relates to Internalisation (long term changes)
Individual Characteristics of Conformity
Culture, low status, low and high self monitors
Define High Self Monitor
Form of impression management (masking) where the person organises how other people view them. A H.S.M almost constantly watches other peoples behaviour and tries to be like them
Define Low Self Monitor
When you value their individual beliefs more than the opinions of the group
What factors affect the level of conformity?
Individual differences, Size of the Group ā increased, Lack of Group Unanimity (agreement) ā decreased, Difficulty of Task ā increased, Answer in Private ā decreased, Anonymity ā decreased, Status of Majority Group ā increased