APHUG Ultimate

Subsistence Farming

Self-sufficient farming where farmers focus on growing enough food for themselves and their families.

Commercial Farming

Farming aimed at producing crops and livestock for sale in markets.

Nation-State

A sovereign state whose citizens are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

State

A politically organized territory with a permanent population, defined boundaries, and a government.

Nation

A group of people sharing common cultural elements like language, religion, or ethnicity, often linked to a homeland.

Megastores

Large retail stores, often chain stores, offering a wide variety of goods under one roof.

Sector Model

An urban land use model where cities develop in wedge-shaped sectors radiating from the center.

Indo-European Languages

A major language family including most European languages and many from South Asia.

Patterns of Development

Trends and processes that describe how countries or regions develop economically, socially, and politically.

Ethnic Neighborhood

An area within a city predominantly inhabited by people of a particular ethnic group.

Site

The physical characteristics of a location, including terrain, soil, climate, and water sources.

Situation

The location of a place relative to other places and its accessibility.

Absolute Location

Exact position on Earth using coordinates (latitude and longitude).

Relative Location

Location described in relation to other locations or features.

Remittances

Money sent by migrants to family or friends in their home country.

Toponyms

Place names that often reflect cultural or historical significance.

Township and Range Land Survey System

A method used in the United States to divide land into rectangular plots for sale and development.

Lingua Franca

A language used as a common means of communication between speakers of different native languages.

OPEC Countries

Members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, coordinating oil production policies.

Ecotourism

Tourism focused on visiting natural environments that conserves the environment and sustains local communities.

Primate City

The largest city in a country that is disproportionately larger than any other city.

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern where the nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest city in a country.

Pidgin Language

A simplified form of speech formed from two or more languages, used for communication between people without a common language.

Creole Language

A stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages.

US Energy Consumption

The total amount of energy used by the United States across all sectors.

Supranational Organizations

Entities formed by three or more states to promote shared objectives, like the UN or EU.

Intensive Agriculture

A type of farming that uses large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area.

Extensive Agriculture

A farming system characterized by low inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital relative to the land area.

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture.

Racism

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, often resulting in discrimination.

Balkanization

The fragmentation of a region or state into smaller, often hostile units along ethnic lines.

Land Disputes

Conflicts between countries or groups over the ownership and use of land.

Urban Sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land.

Urban Planning

The process of designing and regulating the use of space in urban environments.

Barrioization

The increase in Hispanic population in a particular neighborhood or city.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as crude birth rate minus crude death rate.

Gross National Income (GNI)

The total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, including income from abroad.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a year.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of goods and services produced by a country’s residents, regardless of location.

New Urbanism

An urban design movement promoting walkable neighborhoods and mixed-use development.

Gravity Model

A model predicting interaction between two places based on population size and distance.

Industrial Land Patterns

The spatial distribution and organization of industries in a region.

Edge Cities

New concentrations of business, shopping, and entertainment outside traditional downtowns.

Crude Fertility Rate

The number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a year.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Redlining

A discriminatory practice where services are denied to residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity.

Less Developed Countries (LDCs)

Countries with low levels of industrialization, income, and human development.

Location of Industries

The geographic placement of factories based on factors like resources, labor, and markets.

Most Developed Countries (MDCs)

Countries with high levels of industrialization, income, and human development.

Diffusion of Buddhism

The spread of Buddhism from its hearth in India throughout Asia.

Gentrification

The process of renovating urban neighborhoods, often displacing lower-income residents.

Blockbusting

A practice where real estate agents induce homeowners to sell by instilling fear of minority groups moving in.

Characteristics of Hinduism

A polytheistic religion with beliefs in karma, dharma, and reincarnation, originating in India.

Barriers to Diffusion

Obstacles that prevent or slow the spread of ideas, innovations, or cultural traits.

Diffusion of Christianity

The spread of Christianity from its origins in the Middle East across the world.

Shatterbelt

A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces.

Bulk Losing Industry

An industry where the final product weighs less or takes up less space than the inputs.

Bulk Gaining Industry

An industry where the final product weighs more or takes up more space than the inputs.

Characteristics of Islam

A monotheistic religion based on the Quran, with beliefs including the Five Pillars.

Popular Culture

Culture found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits despite differences.

Folk Culture

Traditions practiced by small, homogeneous, rural groups living in relative isolation.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model showing population change over time through stages of birth and death rates.

Environmental Determinism

The belief that the physical environment shapes human culture and behavior.

Possibilism

The theory that the environment sets limits but humans can adjust and choose their course.

Rostow’s Economic Development Model

A five-stage model describing how countries develop economically.

Variables Hindering Advancement

Factors such as poverty, political instability, and lack of infrastructure that slow development.

Religious Hearths

Geographic origins of major world religions.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map using shades or colors to represent data values in regions.

Cartogram

A map where the geometry is distorted to convey information like population size.

Proportional Map

A map with symbols sized proportionally to data values.

Dot Map

A map that uses dots to represent the frequency or intensity of a phenomenon.

Isoline Map

A map with lines connecting points of equal value, such as elevation or temperature.

Countries in Stage 5 of DTM

Countries experiencing population decline due to low birth rates and aging populations.

Agribusiness

Commercial farming characterized by integration of different steps in food production.

Segregation

The separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences.

Apartheid

Systematic legal racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

Types of Boundaries

Natural, geometric, and cultural lines dividing political or geographic areas.

Embargo Act of 1807

A US law that prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

Nationless State

A group of people without a state of their own.

Linguistic Fragmentation

The division of a region into many different languages or dialects.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms whose genetic material has been altered for agriculture or research.

Agglomeration

The clustering of businesses and industries for mutual benefit.

Deglomeration

The dispersal of industries due to congestion or high costs.

Census

A periodic count of a country’s population including demographics.

Gerrymandering

The manipulation of electoral boundaries to favor a political party.

Language Divergence

The process by which languages split into distinct new languages.

Language Convergence

The process by which languages come to share features due to contact.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits by people moving from place to place.

Population Density

Number of people living per unit of area.

Urbanization

The process by which cities grow as people move from rural to urban areas.

Vertical Integration

A company controls multiple stages of production in a supply chain.

Environmental Benefits of Eating Local

Reduced carbon footprint and support for local economies by consuming local food.

Industrialization of Farms

Transition from many small farms to fewer, larger, and more mechanized farms.

Hierarchical Diffusion

Diffusion from larger to smaller places or from important persons to others.

Reverse Diffusion

The process where a cultural trait moves back to its place of origin.

Globalization of the Economy

Integration of national economies into a global marketplace.

Shapes of States

Geometric forms of states such as compact, elongated, fragmented, prorupted, and perforated.

Development of Urban Land

Processes and patterns involved in the growth and change of urban areas.

Imperialized Areas

Territories controlled politically or economically by an imperial power.