Chapter 19 Study Prompts

Can you describe the direction that the following substances will flow in relation to the blood (into blood from tissue or into tissue from blood)?

1. Oxygen

2. Nutrients

3. Carbon dioxide

4. Metabolic wastes

Substance:

1. Oxygen- into tissue

2. Nutrients- into tissue

3. Carbon dioxide- into blood

4. Metabolic wastes- into blood

Do you know what the body's only fluid tissue is?

blood

Do you know the two main components of blood?

plasma and formed elements

What things are included in "formed elements"?

red and white blood cells and platelets

What is a hematocrit and what is it used for?

• a centrifuged sample of blood.

• The percentage of RBC, WBC and plasma can be determined

Do you know the average percentage blood that is red blood cells (RBCs)? Do you know the average percentage of blood that is plasma?

• 45%

• 55%

Can you describe the physical characteristics of blood?

• a sticky, opaque substance that has a metallic, salty taste and ranges from crimson red to purplish in color.

• It has a pH of 7.35-7.45, a temperature slightly higher than core temp and is roughly 8% of a person's body weight.

Do you know the average volume of blood for a woman? Man? Human?

4-5L. 5-6L. 5L average.

Can you list and describe the functions of blood?

• 9. transport nutrients, gasses and metabolic wastes, hormones, and plasma proteins.

• Also helps to regulate body temp, tissue pH and water salt balance.

• Plays a role in immunity and protects against its own loss from the body

Can you list and give examples of the types of solutes found in plasma?

nutrient molecules, gasses, nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous wastes, ions, hormones and various proteins.

Of the types of cells found in blood, which type is the only one to be a complete cell?

white blood cells

Do blood cells divide in the blood?

no!

Where are blood cells produced?

in the bone marrow

Do you know the name of the process for making blood cells?

hematopoiesis

Can you describe the physical characteristics of a RBC?

approx. 7.5 um in diameter, biconcaved cell that lacks a nucleus (anucleate). Its function is to carry gasses and its plasma membrane contains a protein called spectrin that allows the cell to be flexible.

What is the name of the protein that packs red blood cells? What is the function of this protein?

• hemoglobin.

• Carry gasses

Do you know which plasma membrane protein gives the RBC flexibility? Why is this flexibility needed?

• spectrin.

• Capillaries are microscopic and the RBC may need to "bend" or "flex" to make it through.

What is the only function of a RBC?

carry gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Can you describe the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?

• it is made of four globin proteins (two alpha + two beta), each with a heme (iron) group.

• The molecule is quaternary protein structure.

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule carries the oxygen? The carbon dioxide?

• heme carries oxygen and globin carries carbon dioxide

Do you know the term for RBC production? Do you know where it occurs?

• erythropoiesis.

• Bone marrow

Do you know the name of the hormone that stimulates RBC production? What organ makes this hormone?

• erythropoietin.

• Kidney.

Do you know the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all blood cells?

• hemacytoblast (hematopoietic stem cell)

Do you know the life span of a RBC?

90-120 days

Do you know which organs can break down old RBCs?

liver and spleen

Do you know which part of hemoglobin is recycled?

iron

Do you know about how much of the blood's volume is white blood cells (WBCs)?

less than 1%

Do you know the general function of WBCs?

immunity

Do you know what is meant by "leukocytosis"?

increased production of WBC, usually to fight infection or cancer

Do you know the name of the process for producing WBCs?

leukopoiesis

Can you list the general characteristics of granulocytes?

stain with Wright's stain, are large, have lobed nuclei and are primarily phagocytes.

Can you list and describe the functions of the three types of granulocytes?

types:

1. neutrophils- most numerous WBC and is the primary defense cell against bacteria

2. eosinophil- fight parasitic worms

3. basophil- least numerous and release histamine in the inflammatory response

Can you list the general characteristics of agranulocytes?

Do not stain with Wright's stain and have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei.

Can you list and describe the functions of the two types of agranulocytes?

types:

1. Lymphocytes: T cells- cell-mediated response. Direct activities of the immune cells; B cells- activated by T cells and make and secrete antibodies (can also be phagocytes)

2. Monocytes- phagocytes in the blood

Can you list and give functions for the two types of lymphocytes?

types:

1. Lymphocytes: T cells- cell-mediated response. Direct activities of the immune cells; B cells- activated by T cells and make and secrete antibodies (can also be phagocytes)

Can you give the function of a monocyte?

Monocytes- phagocytes in the blood

Do you know the names of the types of chemicals that trigger leukopoiesis?

interleukins and colony stimulating factors

Do you know the other name for platelets?

thrombocytes

blood clotting

=

megakaryocytes