Week 5- carbohydrates and lipids

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58 Terms

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Lipids function

signalling, energy storage, structure

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does the presence of double bonds increase or decrease the melting point of fatty acids?

decrease- it prevents the tight packing of molecules in the way cis/trans structure bends them

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Fatty Acid properties

  • Are carboxylic acids with long C chains 12-20 C atoms

  • Contain C-C bonds or C-H bonds

  • fewer functional groups

  • hydrolysable lipids are derived from these

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How to determine omega 3, 6 or 9 fatty acid?

whichever carbon (from CH3 end start counting) has the double bond

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<p>Is this an Omega 3, 6, or 9 fatty acid?</p>

Is this an Omega 3, 6, or 9 fatty acid?

Omega 3

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<p>Is this an Omega 3, 6, or 9 fatty acid?</p>

Is this an Omega 3, 6, or 9 fatty acid?

Omega 6

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Properties of Waxes

  • simplest hydrolysable lipids

  • can undergo hydrolysis in presence of acid or base

  • esters formed from fatty acid and alcohol

  • hydrophobic due to non-polar chains

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which has this property?

  • can undergo hydrolysis in the presence of acid or base

waxes

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Properties of Triacylgycerols’s

  • triesters from glycerol and three fatty acids

  • are simple or mixed

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What makes a triacylglycerol simple or mixed?

  • Simple = saturated (do double bonds)

  • mixed = means one of the fatty acid chains may be saturated

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Properties of Soaps

  • Metal salts of fatty acids

  • Produced by hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in the presence of a base

  • They have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

  • This allows them to form micelles in water which can carry particles of oils and dirt

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2 common types of phospholipids

  • Phosphoacylglycerols

  • Sphingomyelins

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Properties of phosphoacylglycerols

  • Most common phospholipid

  • Phosphodiester bond to alcohol, this end is charged - Polar head

  • non polar tails

2 types:

– Cephalin: Contains ethanolamine or serine.

– Lecithin: Contains choline.

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Properties of Sphingomyelins

• Second major class of phospholipids

– They DO NOT contain a glycerol backbone

• They contain a sphingosine instead

– They DO NOT contain an ester

– They only contain one fatty acid

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Function of sphingomylins

axon sheaths in the nervous system

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function of phosphoacylglycerols

major constituents of cell membranes

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Steroid

An organic compound a carbon skeleton with four fused rings arranged in a specific configuration.

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Phospholipid

• Lipids containing a phosphorus atom.

• Polar head and nonpolar tail making them amphipathic.

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Lipids

A broad group of naturally occurring organic compounds that are generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

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Biological functions of cholesterol

Cholesterol is a steroid

  • Adds rigidity to the cell membrane

  • Elevated cholesterol in the bloodstream is in indicator for increased risk of coronary artery disease (heart disease)

  • transported in the blood by LDLs and HDLs

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Biological functions of Adreno-cortical

  • regulate electrolytes in kidney (adrenal-means renal)

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What are the four fat soluble vitamins?

  • vitamin A, D, E, K

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Vitamin A

  • fat soluble vitamin

  • vision, immune, bone health, hair growth

  • non-polar

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Vitamin D

  • fat-soluble vitamin

  • Can be synthesized from UV light

  • very little polarity

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Vitamin E

  • fat-soluble vitamin

  • antioxidant

  • non-polar

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Vitamin K

  • fat-soluble vitamin

  • essential for blood clotting

  • given to newborns to prevent bleeding disorders

  • non polar

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Which vitamins are non-polar

A, E, K

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Biological function of steroids

• Components of cell membranes that alter membrane fluidity

• Signaling molecules.

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How are fat-soluble vitamins obtained?

With the exception of Vitamin D which can be synthesized from cholesterol, cells cannot synthesize these compounds and must be obtained in the diet.

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Carbohydrates

  • Biomolecules made from monosaccharides (sugars).

  • Largest groups of organic molecules in nature.

  • Tree trunks, leaves, vegetables, fruits, honey, milk, alcohol

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Functions of carbohydrates

  • fingerprint of cells

  • backbone of other molecules

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How are carbohydrates represented?

By size:

  • Monosaccharides-one

  • Disaccharides-two

  • Polysaccharides-many

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Structural features of monosaccharides

Location of carbonyl group (Aldose vs Ketose)

  • C1: aldehyde (monosaccharide is called aldose)

  • C2: ketone (monosaccharide is called ketose)

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Why are monosaccharides easily dissolved in water?

  • highly polar

  • many hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds with water

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Anabolism

Synthesis of larger molecule from smaller subunits

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Catabolism

: Break down of a larger molecule into smaller subunits

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How are carbohydrates built up and broken down?

  • Dehydration- build up

  • Hydrolysis- break down

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How are disaccharides linked together?

glycosidic linkage / glycosidic bond / glycoside.

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What monosaccharides make maltose?

glucose + glucose

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What monosaccharides make sucrose?

glucose + fructose

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What monosaccharides make lactose?

glucose + galactose

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A and B glycosidic linkages

In an alpha (α) glycosidic linkage the bond goes down from the C1; in a beta (β) glycosidic linkage the bond goes up from the C1.

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Cellulose

  • type of polysaccharide

source: plant

Subunit: B-glucose

Bonds: 1,4

Branches: none

Shape: straight sheets, parallel chains

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Starch

  • type of polysaccharide

  • amylose, amylopectin

  • source: plant

    Subunit: A-glucose both

    Bonds: 1,4 amylose 1,6 amylopectin

    Branches: none for amylose, branched for amylopectin

    Shape: straight or branched

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Glycogen

  • type of polysaccharide

  • in animals liver and muscles

  • highly branched

  • α-1,4 glycosidic linkages & α-1,6 glycosidic linkages

source: animal

Subunit: a-glucose

Bonds: 1,4 1,6

Branches: yes

Shape: super branched, largest

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A lipid

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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A fatty acid

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a Wax

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a Triacylglycerol

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a Soap

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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Which compound is the following?

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a Steroid

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a Vitamin

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a monosaccharide/carbohydrate

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a Dissacharide/carbohydrate

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a Polysaccharide/carbohydrate

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>
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a monosaccharide

Which compound is the following?

<p>Which compound is the following?</p>