Bio2260k Test 1 Textbook Review

Which trait is absent from cellular microbes such as bacteria?

a nucleus with a nuclear membrane

Which microbe could not be seen under the microscope of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek?

virus

Which trait of cells do viruses share?

a genome

Which person was admired for tending victims of a deadly disease?

Catherine of Siena

Which person first demonstrated that the failure of spontaneous generation of microbes was not due to lack of oxygen?

Louis Pasteur

Which epidemic disease inspired a large demonstration at the Washington Monument?

AIDS

Which of Koch’s postulates required modification for ethical study of a human disease?

when the microbe is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the same disease occurs

Which statement about antibiotics is not true?

antibiotics reproduce themselves to form more antibiotics

Microbes of which type gain energy from oxidizing inorganic minerals?

lithotrophs

Microbes of which type most closely resemble the ancestor of chloroplasts?

cyanobacteria

Which important cellular process requires bacteria or archaea?

nitrogen fixation

The person whose X-ray crystallography data first revealed the fundamental structures of DNA and RNA was _____.

Rosalind Franklin

Who led the team of scientists that sequenced the genomes of numerous microbes, including Bacillus anthracis and Treponema pallidum?

Claire Fraser

_____ is the measure of the degree or severity of disease.

virulence

Pathogens that change the structure of their surface proteins do so for which of the following reasons?

immune avoidance

According to the curve shown (which measures the pathogenicity of a bacterial pathogen in mice), which of the following statements is true?

the infectious dose 50% is 1,000 organisms

An itchy rash on a patient is considered a _____.

sign and symptom

The stage of a disease when signs and symptoms become apparent is called _____.

the illness phase

_____ is the term used to express the number of fatalities associated with a disease.

mortality

A human pathogenic virus that can undergo transovarial passage does not require which of the following to cause disease?

animal reservoir

Which of the following factors most directly contributes to the development of an asymptomatic carrier?

the immune system

A disease that is always present at low but constant incidence in a geographic area is called a(n) _____ disease.

endemic

A patient developed small, flat, pink, non-itchy spots on her forearms after a trip to Colorado, where she camped and hiked alone in the woods. Her physician diagnosed Rocky Mountain spotted fever. The patient probably acquired the organism by which of the following routes?

parenteral

Ebola virus requires which of the following levels of biocontainment?

level 4

What type of laboratory safety measure is required when working with the pathogen from Case History 2.2, but is not required when working with a diarrhea-causing E. coli?

negative-pressure room ventilation

A patient with a deficient immune system is more susceptible to contracting infectious diseases by which of the following routes?

all of the above

A person who has smoked cigarettes for 20 years is more susceptible to infections transmitted by which of the following routes?

respiratory

Which of the following host factors contribute(s) to a person’s susceptibility to infectious disease?

all of the above

In Brazil, heavy rains are predictive of an increase in which one of the following diseases?

leptospirosis

Which of the following factors can foster the jump of an emerging pathogen from a nonhuman animal host to humans?

all of the above

Which cell components extend far outside a Gram-negative cell and help prevent phagocytosis by blood cells?

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Which intracellular molecules are present in the greatest number?

water molecules

Which part of the Gram-negative cell holds the ATP synthase?

cell membrane (inner membrane)

Which of the following is not a function of the cell membrane or membrane-embedded proteins?

synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins

Which transport process does not require expenditure of energy?

facilitated diffusion of oxygen across a membrane

Which structure can export antibiotics?

ABC transporter

Which cell component consists of a single macromolecule that surrounds the cell and protects it from osmotic shock?

cell wall

Which compound(s) are found in the outer cell layers of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but not in most other kinds of bacteria?

mycolic acids

Which structure of a Gram-negative cell contains porins?

outer membrane

Which aspect of DNA organization does not occur in bacteria?

DNA is contained within a nuclear membrane

Which process can occur only after the bacterial DNA terminates replication?

completion of the septum to separate two daughter cells

How is DNA most commonly arranged inside a bacterial cell?

a circular molecule with loops bound by DNA-binding proteins

Which extracellular structure helps a bacterial cell attach to a substrate?

stalk

Which statement does not describe bacterial motility?

flagella generate a whiplike motion powered by ATP

What is the process by which cells migrate toward nutrients?

chemotaxis

Which organelle is not a part of the endomembrane system?

mitochondrion

Which structural element does not contribute to the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

peptidoglycan cell wall

Which organelle evolved from a bacterium?

chloroplast

An increase in disease incidence above a local county’s normal endemic level is called a(n) _____.

outbreak

Patients with Lyme disease were asked how often they walk through woods, use insect repellent, and wear shorts or pants. A second set of patients without Lyme disease from the same practice were asked the same questions, and the responses from the two groups were compared. This is an example of _____.

case-control study

______ is the number of new cases of a disease arising in a given population over a given period.

incidence

Of the following HAIs, which is most likely to be due to antibiotic treatment of the patient?

diarrhea caused by Clostridioides difficile

Twelve cases of MRSA occurred over the course of a year in the hospital. What data will most definitively tell you whether a common source exists?

the genetic analysis found that all the MRSA strains were identical

You are about to enter the hospital room of a patient who had an appendectomy. If you plan to walk to the bed but not touch the patient, which of the following should you do?

you should sanitize your hands before entering the room

What is the usual first step in identifying a pandemic?

local hospitals and physicians notify city or state health agencies about patients with a specific disease

In tracing any epidemic or pandemic, what is the most important reason to find the primary case?

to identify where that person traveled and whom that person contacted

Bob, a Canadian man vacationing in Brazil, was bitten by a mosquito infected with dengue virus. He flew back to Canada the next day. One week later he developed a high fever, severe headache, and muscle pain, and he was diagnosed with dengue fever. Within a month of his return, four more cases of dengue were diagnosed in his community. An epidemiologist would consider Bob to be _____.

the index and primary case for the outbreak in Canada

Which of the following factors does not contribute to the expansion of a pathogen’s geographic impact?

antibiotic resistance

Which of the following is the major reason for the recent increase in vector-borne diseases at higher mountain elevations?

temperatures are rising at higher elevations

The NIH officially designates a biological agent suitable for biowarfare as a _____.

select agent

Salmonella enterica has been used as a bioweapon but is not considered a select agent because _____.

infections can be treated with antibiotics

Which of the following characteristics contributed to the decision to add Yersinia pestis to the list of select agents?

it is easily transmitted from person to person

Inequalities in the physical environment most directly impact _____.

access to transportation

Racial health disparities are defined by differences in _____.

disease incidence

DNA sequencing can accurately predict a person’s _____.

geographic heritage

Which of the following traits does not apply to viruses?

isolated particles conduct their own metabolism

Tissue tropism is _____.

the range of tissues a virus can infect

The genome of a virus may consist of any of these except _____.

phospholipid

Each of these viruses has an icosahedral capsid except _____.

ebola virus

An example of an asymmetrical virus particle is _____

small pox virus

The property of viruses that provides access to a host cell is _____.

binding of a virion to a specific host receptor protein

Which of these steps is not part of a bacteriophage replication cycle?

the capsid of the virion enters the host cytoplasm

The function of bacteriophage tail fibers is to _____.

attach the virion to a host cell

Which of the following steps of the papillomavirus replication cycle leads to cancer transformation?

the viral genome integrates into the host genome and causes increased expression of oncogenes

Which enzyme does HPV use to replicate its genome?

host DNA polymerase

New HPV virions are released from the body by _____.

shedding of host cells

The coronavirus virion structure is _____.

envelope

Which step of the influenza virus replication cycle leads to evolution of virulent hybrid strains?

the viral genome is composed of multiple segments that get transcribed by RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and reassort with segments from a coinfecting virus

Which pathology is not caused by influenza virus?

cancer

Which structural feature of HIV determines the cell type that virions can infect?

viral envelope proteins specifically interact with the CD4 and CCR5 cell-surface proteins of a T lymphocyte

Which drug is not used for HIV?

oseltamivir, which binds neuraminidase, preventing release of virions as they exit the host cell