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What years define the Age of Revolution?
1776 (American Declaration) to 1832 (Britain’s Great Reform Act).
What major event sparked political and social upheaval during this period?
The French Revolution (1789–1799).
What characterized the "Terror" phase of the French Revolution?
Authoritarian rule under Robespierre (1793–1794).
What marked the end of the French Revolution?
Napoleon Bonaparte’s coup in 1799.
What were the long-term effects of the French Revolution?
Rise of liberalism, capitalism, middle class, and emphasis on human agency.
How did Britain respond to the French Revolution?
Engaged in wars (1793–1815), developed national identity, and pursued democratic reforms.
What was the main literary shift during the Romantic period?
A break from tradition and experimentation with new forms.
What is a defining characteristic of Romanticism?
Emphasis on imagination, subjectivity, nature, and individual emotion.
What kind of voices gained prominence during Romanticism?
Women writers and diverse, politically engaged voices.
What societal condition did Romantic literature often mirror?
A shift from stability to societal flux and transformation.
What are Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience about?
Contrasting states: purity vs. corruption.
What does Blake criticize in "London"?
Urban oppression, exploitation, and spiritual decay.
What did Blake value over Enlightenment rationalism?
Imagination, instinct, and spiritual freedom.
What was Wordsworth’s literary focus?
Personal experience and the natural world.
What major work explores his life and philosophy?
The Prelude.
What role does nature play in Wordsworth's work?
A source of insight, harmony, and spiritual growth.
What is the theme of "Kubla Khan"?
Dream-like imagination vs. reality.
What themes are found in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"?
Sin, penance, redemption, and the supernatural.
What is Biographia Literaria about?
Philosophical reflections and literary theory, influenced by German philosophy.
What is the "Byronic hero"?
A rebellious, solitary figure with a tormented past.
How does Don Juan stand out?
It's a satirical poem that critiques societal norms.
What themes does Byron often explore?
Individualism, political defiance, and irony.
What did P.B. Shelley believe in?
Atheism, liberty, justice, love, and radical reform.
What poem is a response to the Peterloo Massacre?
The Mask of Anarchy.
What is the message of Ode to the West Wind?
The power of transformation and idealism amid change.
What defines Keats’s poetic voice?
Sensuality and introspective emotion.
What themes are in "La Belle Dame Sans Merci"?
Sexual attraction, emotional intensity, and fear of desire.
What does Ode to a Nightingale explore?
Escapism through beauty vs. the harshness of reality.
What role does imagination play in Romanticism?
It's central; it transforms how individuals perceive reality.
How is nature portrayed in Romantic poetry?
As a source of harmony, insight, and emotional truth.
What is the Romantic stance on revolution and freedom?
Embraced by Blake and Shelley; questioned or philosophically explored by others.
What struggle is often depicted in Romantic poetry?
Between idealism/vision and harsh reality.
What is Mary Wollstonecraft known for?
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman – early feminist thought.
What did William Godwin argue in Political Justice?
For radical social restructuring and individual liberty.
What genre did Amelia Opie evolve into later in life?
Anti-slavery literature.
What is Elizabeth Inchbald’s notable work?
A Simple Story – blending personal and political themes.
What genres did Charlotte Smith excel in?
Novels, sonnets, and long poems.
What was Mary Robinson known for?
Feminist writings and novels with social protest.
What did Felicia Hemans explore in her poetry?
Women’s roles and inner contradictions.
What issues did Catherine Macaulay critique?
Slavery, prison reform, capital punishment, and education.
What are the main characteristics of William Wordsworth’s works?
Emphasis on nature as a spiritual teacher, use of simple language, focus on ordinary life and deep personal emotion, themes of memory and childhood.
What defines Coleridge’s poetic style?
Use of supernatural and mysterious elements, dream-like imagery, exploration of the imagination, and philosophical depth.
What are the key features of Lord Byron’s poetry?
Rebellion, individualism, exotic settings, satire, and the iconic "Byronic hero"—a dark, passionate, and flawed figure.
What themes are common in Shelley’s works?
Radical political ideas, idealism, lyrical and philosophical depth, focus on freedom, nature, and the impermanence of life.
What characterizes the poetry of John Keats?
Sensual imagery, themes of beauty, mortality, transience, melancholy, and the relationship between art and life.
What are the major features of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein?
Gothic horror, critique of Enlightenment rationality and science, themes of ambition, isolation, and the dangers of unchecked knowledge.
What are William Blake’s poetic characteristics?
Mystical and visionary language, symbolic imagery, criticism of industrialism and institutional religion, contrasts between innocence and experience.