International Style

Schroder House

by Gerrit Rietveld realized the principles of De Stijl through architecture signaling a new aesthetic free from all historicist tendencies.

De Stijl

Dutch, "the style"; an artistic movement associated with a group of early 20th-century Dutch painters who used rectangular forms and primary colors in their works and who believed that art should have spiritual values and a social purpose.

De Stijl

aim to create a "pure reality" which could not be reduced any further inspired artists like Piet Mondrian, who produced compositions composed of yellow, red, blue and white rectangles separated by black lines.

Bauhaus School

a school in Germany that combined crafts and the fine arts, and was famous for the approach to design that it publicized and taught, opened from 1919 to 1933. The Bauhaus style became one of the most influential currents in Modernist architecture and modern design

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

an architect known for perfecting the radically innovative and cool elegance of rationalism became its director of the Bauhaus School.

Philip Johnson

Mies Van Der Rohe He later migrated to the U.S and made his architectural imprint there through his acquaintance of post-modernist architect?

German Pavillion

The new possibilities of architecture in terms of form and planning was presented in a novel vocabulary through this pavilion commissioned to Mies by the German Republic for the 1929 International Exposition in Spain.

Villa Tugendhat

Located on a steeply sloping site, this two-storey building is elongated and entered from the top floor at street level. Its living area has 30 meters of glass opening to the view outside. These glass walls could be lowered electrically into the floor.

Villa Tugendhat

The first buildings that Mies Van Der Rohe designed stimulated many new ideas about the shapes of structures and materials used to build them.

Peter Behrens

"He was called "Masters master" where his students are architects like Gropius, Breuer and Van de Rohe

Le Corbusier

"Vers Une Architecture" (Towards a New Architecture) where he stated that the mass produced house could be as beautiful as the implements of the industry that were used to build it.

"Vers Une Architecture" (Towards a New Architecture)

the book that was published by Le Corbusier

Maison-Domino

a basic building prototype for mass production with free-standing pillars and rigid floors (shown here in a Lego model from the Internet). Using pre-fabricated parts meant that the whole house can be quickly assembled right on the lot and leave the creative discretion to the user in subdividing the rooms based on the "modular" structural grid. Le Corbusier developed this one.

Pilotis

use of slender posts or columns to elevate the building from the earth allowing for a garden or uninterrupted open space underneath.

Open plan

A flexible spatial plan results to better maximization of space and leaves the opportunity of partitioning wherever they are needed or aesthetically-pleasing.

Free Facade

These eliminated the concept of "load-bearing walls" converting facades to merely building "skins".

Horizontal band of windows

These were necessary to provide the best illumination and ventilation of the spaces.

Roof Garden

Function is being given to the roof as a gathering space aside from just mere building cover. The garden here would also serve to "recover" the land that the house was built upon.

Villa Savoye

this was Le Corbusier's vision of his modernist beliefs about the possibilities of mass production in domestic living.

Villa Savoye

A perfect illustration on the application of his "Five Points" is Le Corbusier's residential project

Expressionism

is characterized by adoption of novel materials, formal innovation, highly unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new technical possibilities offered by the mass production of brick, steel and especially glass

The Goetheanum

by Rudolf Steiner (1924-1928)

Centennial Hall

It is multi-purpose and recreational building by the architect Max Berg.

Centennial Hall

The interior of the Hall showing the ribbed dome actually sitting on only four points. Thus, the dome freely spans the distance between these points, leaving the corners free.

Eistein Tower

This is an observatory of the German Astrophysical Institute built in brick with a layer of concrete as cover, the building was molded to create a dramatic display of light and shade and considered as an abstraction of the human body.

Einstein Tower

It was designed by Erich Mendelsohn, whose architectural ideas were derived from expressionist sketches and romantic symbolism which recognized that qualities of a modern building should dictate a new architecture.

1. expression of volume rather than mass

2. balance than pre-conceived symmetry

3. elimination of applied ornamentation

THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE

1. use of free facade and free plan

2. spirit of functionalism through the honest use of materials in protest to conventional architecture

3. showed concern from the emotional and physical well-being of man especially in new industrial cities through urban planning

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERNATIONAL STYLE

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe

he was the main administrator of the Bauhaus School in the last few years & it's existence in Germany, after then, he migrated in the US to seek more opportunities.

Philip Johnson

who helped Mies Van Der Rohe in gaining more opportunities when Mies Van Der Rohe migrated in the US?

Illinois Institute of Technology

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe became gained an appointment as the director of this School of Architecture in US, the name of the school is?

Barcelona Chair

was inspired by ancient Egyptian and Roman folding stools, known as Curule Chairs.

Lovell House

by Richard Neutra

Deutcher Werkbund

advocated intelligent design and mass production of goods for the general populace.

De Stjil Movement

a group of Dutch architects founded by Theo Von Doesburg, advocated pure abstraction, which was also related to Cubism of Pablo Picasso, by reduction of essentials to form and color.

Erich Mendelsohn

Architect of the Einstein Tower.

Rationality

was what defined humans as a species and separated us from animals.

Rationalism

as a movement implied the complete devotion to logical, functional, and mathematically ordered architecture. It has often been proposed as a way to create an environment perfect for rational beings.

Otto Wagner

Believed that new principles in construction and materials are not isolated facts but must lead to new forms to bring harmony with current human needs

Vienna Postal Saving Bank

regarded as an important early work of modern architecture, representing Wagner's first move away from Art Nouveau and Neoclassicism.

Adolf Loos

Ornament is a crime and all ornamentation must be rejected

Steiner House

Building Regulation, which allowed only a single storey facade on the street side. Loos cover the building on that side(facade) with a sweeping curved roof which allows him to hav

Auguste Perret

First architect who succeeded in developing a characteristic form for reinforced concrete elevating the importance of this new architectural material

Walter Gropius

German architect who broke form previous design with light, airy, bright buildings of glass and iron

Rue Franklin Flat

an eight-storey appartment inserted between two other high buildings. One of the works of Auguste Perret.

AEG Turbine Factory

the long facade is made up of glass walls from floor to ceilling, inserted between protruding columns.

Fagus Factory

Walter Gropius worked with Adolf Meyer to come ip with this design.

Frank Lloyd Wright

he had a productive career of 70 years designing over 1,000 buildings with over 400 actually built. 

Prairie Style

Wright spent most of his early practice designing residences in the Chicago suburbs.

Ward Willits House

is considered as Wright's first house in true Prairie style and marks the full development of his wood frame and stucco system of construction. 

Robie House

designed by Wright and was in response to a long, narrow site and client’s desire for light, view and privacy. 

Prairie style

this style is characterized by horizontal line, flat or hipped roof with broad overhanging eaves, horizontally-banded windows, integration with landscape, solid construction and disciplined ornamentation. 

Cubic Buildings

Wright had an influence in the way architecture developed in Europe when Wright's early work was published in the continent by Wasmuth upon the recommendation of a German visiting professor at Harvard University in 1910.

Larkin Administration Building

was brick wall construction all throughout. It was also the first entirely air-conditioned modern office building. It also has the first metal-bound plate glass doors and windows and first built-in furnishings and filing cabinets, a proof of integrated design.

Unity Church

is one of the first public buildings in the U.S. in poured concrete used as an exposed building material. It was designed for the Unitarian Universalist church (to which Wright was a member) and considered as a climax of his work up to 1914. 

Frank Lloyd Wright

who had produced the "prairie houses" and used the open plans before World War I, designed little of note during the 1920's.

Kaufmann House or "Falling Water"

Situated in wooded area next to a stream in Bear Run, Pennsylvania, the house was built mostly from stone that had been quarried from the immediate area. The terraces, which were made of reinforced concrete and two of these were cantilevered, were built to resemble the stone ledge of the waterfall.

Johnson Wax Building

This is considered as Wright’s first work that involved soft curvilinear forms in a streamlined building utilizing pioneering materials and construction techniques.

Solomon Guggenheim Museum

Completed in 1959, six months after Wright’s death, the building asserts its individuality as an inward-looking building by going against the regularity and formality of Manhattan’s street grid.

Lakeshore Drive Apartments

was based on Mies Van der Rohe's thirty years earlier for a competition to come up with a building beside the Friedrichstasse railway station in Berlin.

Farnsworth House

It was the residential version of the Barcelona Pavilion. Built as a weekend getaway in Plano, Illinois, the house was reduced to the simplest elements: one floor, steel frame, and glass curtain walls. It was raised slightly off the ground, lending strength to its elegant form.

Seagram Building

This design approach in Lakeshore Drive was echoed in Mies' first office building applied with his skyscraper vision, the Seagram Building. Here, he collaborated with American architect Philip Johnson.

Berlin National Gallery

It was intended at classicizing the box with more stable geometry; it was referred to as a “temple of light and glass”, Klassen wrote. Situated on top of a platform, it is "classically" positioned with deeply recessed walls deeply and fully glazed building envelope.

Le Corbusier

demonstrated quite a different approach to his architecture from his early works that were characterized as "pure prisms", just like his famous Villa Savoye in the late 1920's.

Unite de Habitation

This is Le Corbusier's first large-scale apartment building, which was considered as a prototype for the reconstruction of cities after World War II, when there was an urgent need for new dwellings. 

Unite de Habitation

It was considered as Le Corbusier’s culmination of search for a meaningful residential architecture.

Notre Dame Du Haut

Considered as a “Gesamkuntswerk” in church architecture, its subtle and “naturalistic” form translates the functional and emotional demands as a religious building.

La Tourette

t was planned as a complete, self-contained world for a community of studying, silent Dominican monks, living a life so austere they are sometimes known as the 'begging brothers'.

La Tourette

consisted of raised monastery cells above the site on piers for a private world of solitude. It had 100 "individualized cells", communal library, classrooms, refectory and a church, interpreted architecturally as an "austere and blank box".

Chandigarh Government Complex

It was Le Corbusier's culminating project in terms of his works in urban design and planning.  The capitol center is accessed through a long boulevard from the city.

The High Court building

in Chandigarh Government Complex, Punjab, India (1950-1960), first building to be built in 1951-57. It has a double roof, projecting over the office block like a parasol or an inverted umbrella. Its magnificent outward sweep of the upper roof is symbolic of protection & justice to the people. Giant wooden tapestries designed by Le-Corbusier hung on rear walls of the court rooms

The Secretariat building

in Chandigarh Government Complex, Punjab, India (1950-1960), the largest building in the complex (254 m. Long and 42 m. High). It is a huge multi-storied linear slab-like structure, intended as a work place for 4000 people. Built during 1953-59, it is shaped like an eight - storey concrete slab, with its distinctive brise-soleil of deeply sculptured two-storey porticos in the centre, housing the offices of ministers.

The Legislative building

in Chandigarh Government Complex, Punjab, India (!950-1960), the most sculptural building located at the northeastern part of the complex’s piazza. Square in plan, with a monumental portico standing free from the main building, it faces the High Court truncated hyperbolic paraboloid, extending well above the roof line. A pyramid covers the upper chamber of the erstwhile bicameral system and offers an exciting counterpoint to the cupola, lending artistic grace to the entire complex.

Alvar Aalto

A Finnish architect who declared that the previous approach of Rationalistic architecture was strongly influenced by "technical functionalism" and not too concerned about the specific needs of people who use the buildings.

Paimio Sanitorium

was Aalto's winning entry to a design competition for a tuberculosis sanitorium. It integrated the "forest landscape" with the architectural, site planning and interiors of the building.

Paimio Sanitorium

integrated with its forest landscape in the woods of southwestern Finland. Its design features catered well to its function - that of being a tuberculosis sanitorium such as the provision of wide balconies for the patients' solar exposure.

Baker House

is a dormitory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology named after the school’s former Dean of Students, Everett Baker. The building form adapts to the view of Charles River, where its undulating brick facade afforded individual rooms varied views of the river.