US History Test 1

Native Americans and Early Settlements

What three theories explain when and how the first people arrived in the Americas?

• Bering Strait Migration Theory

• Coastal Migration Theory

• Native American Creation Theories

Which migration theory do you believe in? Why?

Bering Strait Migration Theory

• Most evidence

• Clovis Child

By 2,000 B.C., ________________had become the staple crop in the Andes (in South America).

Potatoes

How did the development of agriculture impact ancient societies in the Americas?

• Permanent settlements instead of constantly moving in search of food

• Trade

• Increased population

• Division of labor and social classes

• Creation of cities and empires

Define: Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another

List the “Three Sisters”

1. Corn/Maize

2. Squash

3. Beans

The development of agriculture is important because it led to…

• Farming leads to permanent settlement

• Surplus goods leads to trade

• Larger population leads to division of labor/responsibilities, social classes, gender roles

How are Native American tribes similar? How are they different?

1. Similar

   1. Spirituality

   2. Land as source of life, cultural identity, and ancestry

   3. Origin myths

   4. Kinship

2. Different

   1. Cultures, which were impacted by geography

      1. Architecture

      2. Clothing

      3. Food

   2. Languages

“Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in the year ________________.”

1492

What do you think were three of the most important long-term consequences of Columbus’s encounters in the Americas?

1. Trans-Atlantic Slave trade

2. Death of millions of Native Americans

3. Columbian Exchange, crops being shared between two hemispheres

Name the European nation that created an empire in the New World that includes modern Mexico, Central America, parts of South America, and a portion of the American southwest (in modern day U.S.).

Spain

Define: Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres

List three goods/things that were introduced to the Americas by Europeans

• Smallpox

• Sheep

• Horse

• Cow

• Wheat

List three goods/things introduced to Europe by the Native Americans

• Turkey

• Potato

• Tomato

• Corn

• Beans

• Squash

What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on people’s lives throughout the world?

• Revolutionized agriculture in the Eastern Hemisphere

• Killed millions of Native Americans with disease

• Improved transportation in the Western Hemisphere by introducing horses

What year were the Aztecs (Mexica) defeated by the Spanish?

1519

Why was the ship carrying supplies for the Roanoke colonists delayed in England?

Anglo-Spanish War, arrival of the Spanish Armada in 1588

Only able to return in 1590

In a few sentences, discuss what happened to the English colonists in Roanoke.

1. After a few weeks of settling, John White had to go back to England for supplies

2. Supply ship delayed for years because of war with Spanish

3. Went missing, camp completely abandoned

4. Only hint was “Croatoan” written on a post

5. No human remains found, colonists likely joined the natives

What year was Jamestown colony established?

1607

In a few sentences, describe the difficulties Jamestown colonists faced upon arrival in 1607.

1. Barren land, bad for agriculture

2. Fenced themselves in

3. Starvation

4. Bad relationship with Chief Powhatan and Powhatan Confederacy

What was Captain John Smith’s Role in Jamestown?

1. Leader of the settlers

2. Imposed work and order

3. Created a shaky relationship with the natives

Why is the winter 1609-1610 referred to by historians as “starving time”? Discuss the difficulties Jamestown colonists faced.

1. Colonists faced severe difficulties, extreme food shortages, and starvation

2. 80% dead because of starvation

What was the name of Pocahontas’ tribe?

Powhatan Tribe

In a few sentences, discuss the life of Pocahontas. Be sure to add your own thoughts regarding her experiences.

1. Daughter of Chief Powhatan

2. Original name was Matoaka, nicknamed Pocahantas (“mischevious”)

3. Never saved John Smith

4. Married off to Kocoum in 1610

5. Abducted by English

6. John Rolfe married her in 1614

7. Renamed to Rebecca, taken to London in 1616

8. Died in her early 20s

Who did Pocahontas marry? Why did this Englishman marry her?

1. John Rolfe, English tobacco planter

2. Peace settlement between colonists and Powhatan tribe

What product did John Rolfe introduce to Jamestown?

Tobacco

What representative assembly was established in Virginia in 1619, becoming the first of its kind in the English colonies?

House of Burgesses

What economic theory, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, held that a nation's power depended on its wealth and maintaining a favorable balance of trade?

Mercantilism

List the two Chesapeake Bay colonies

1. Virginia

2. Maryland

List the Three Southern Colonies

1. North Carolina

2. South Carolina

3. Georgia

List two crops cultivated in the Southern colonies

1. Tobacco

2. Rice

3. Indigo

The Cash crop in the Carolinas was____________.

Rice

Why was slavery necessary to the development of both the Northern and Southern colonial economies? Be specific!

1. Southern used slaves because they needed large labor forces to run their plantations

2. South needed African slaves in particular because they could withstand the harsh environments and illnesses

3. Northern used the materials from those plantations in manufacturing and trading

What was the Middle Passage?

1. Horrific sea journey that enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

2. Route that crossed the Atlantic from Africa to America, key part of the slave trade

Name triangle trade

System of trade between Europe, Africa, and America, including the West Indies

List 2 New England colonies

1. New Hampshire

2. Massachusetts

3. Rhode Island

4. Connecticut

Define: Puritans

Protestant Christian sect that very closely followed the Bible, wanted to purify the English Church of Catholic influences, and sought to worship as they pleased in independent congregations

List two Middle Colonies

1. New York

2. New Jersey

3. Pennsylvania

4. Delaware

The middle colonies were nicknamed the

Breadbasket Colonies

What agreement was signed by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to establish a self-governing colony?

Mayflower Compact

What European country first colonized modern day New York?

Netherlands

New York used to be called ________________, until the English took over in 1664.

New Netherland

Who founded Pennsylvania?

William Penn

Who were the Quakers and what did they refuse to do?

1. Protestant Christian sect, didn’t believe in OG sin and predestination

2. Refused to fight in wars, true pacifists

List 5 of the 13 original colonies.

1. New Hampshire

2. Massachusetts

3. Rhode Island

4. Connecticut

5. New York

6. Pennsylvania

7. New Jersey

8. Delaware

9. Maryland

10. Virginia

11. North Carolina

12. South Carolina

13. Georgia

Why were the Salem witch trials significant to the development of the future United States’ legal system?

• Future generations retained Puritan values of discipline and hard work

• Skepticism of Church and State combined as one

• Importance of “innocent until proven guilty”

• Higher standards for evidence, no more spectral evidence

What religious revival movement swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, emphasizing emotional faith and personal salvation?

The Great Awakening

Name the 4 Enlightenment philosophers (Locke, Hobbes, Voltaire, Montesquieu) and their impact on the future United States’ political system.

1. John Locke - natural rights

   1. Life, Liberty, and Property

   2. Declaration of Independence

2. Thomas Hobbes - social contract

   1. An agreement in which citizens give up some freedom for the government’s protection and the ability to participate in society

   2. Police

3. Voltaire - Separation of Church and State, freedom of speech and the press

   1. First Amendment

4. Montesquieu - Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances

   1. Judicial, Executive, and Legislative branches of government

      1. Supreme Court, President and VP and cabinet, Congress

   2. Veto and approval system