AP Euro - LEQ Prompts Review

Describe and explain similarities and differences between British and continental economic changes from 1600 to 1830.

Similarities: Agricultural Revolution, Had an emergence of a consumer economy.

Differences: Enclosure System (Britain), Innovation (British) vs. Catching up (Continental).

Describe and explain similarities and differences between British political developments of the 17th century and French political developments of the 18th century.

Similarities: Wanted to limit power of government, Ended up with Constitutional Monarchies, Extended more rights to citizens.

Differences: Level of radicalism (violence), Causes.

Describe and explain the causes and effects of the increasing centralization of state power from 1450 to 1789.

Causes: Desire for modern military, Need/Desire to control nobles, Catholic church less influential, Need for better military when fighting wars, Towns ally with monarchy over nobles (Rebirth of towns and trade), Catholic church in decline, Weak Parliaments (besides Britain) unable to check monarchy, Reformations (Luther said value prince over pope).

Effects: More competition, Nationalism, Absolutism, Mercantilism, Standing national armies, Taxation, Versaille (Nobles are less effective).

Describe and explain the causes and effects of changes in social hierarchy from 1500 to 1815.

Causes: Royal State, Enlightenment, Revolutions (Middle Classes), Unfair to peasants: Feudal dues, ½ of income goes goes to taxes, forced labor (robot), Hunting privileges, lack of representation in government, Industrialization, Agriculture Revolution (Enclosure Act).

Effects: Serfdom, Revolution in France, More representative government (French national assembly), Creation of a working class (Bourgeoisie), Move from a landed elite to a commercial elite, Enlightened merit-based nobility instead of family history. Catholic church is way less powerful (Clergy).

Describe and explain the causes and effects of changes in art and man's conception of self during the Renaissance era.

Causes: rediscovery of classical texts

- the Ottoman Empire taking Constantinople and many Greeks fleeing with the texts

REBIRTH OF TOWNS AND TRADE

New education for businessmen and leaders:

- Education included less theology Caused by the fact that

people had to deal with money, laws, power, and

citizenship

- Led to a discovery of individualism Discovery of classical

art

Effects: AMBITION (Castiglione, Borgia), Nationalism, more patronage, Power for YOURSELF (Machiavelli - "The Prince"), Painting pictures of animals and AVERAGE people, Focusing on detail and the human body (Greco-Romanesque).

Describe and explain significant continuities and changes in attitudes about religion and religious beliefs from the Renaissance through the Enlightenment.

Continuities: Christianity is biggest religion, church still very powerful.

Changes: Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment (Reason/science), religious pluralism (deism), Scientific Revolution led to the disproving of church taught ideals and beliefs (causing skepticism - Galileo, Kepler...), People upset about clergy's undeserved privileges (Land, tithes, exemption form taxation), View that church hinders people's thought (Spinoza and Mendelssohn), No religious persecution (Toleration - Locke).

Describe and explain significant continuities and changes in the power and position of the aristocracy from 1515 to 1815.

Continuities: Prominent in Eastern Europe, Controlled Serfs, Britain continue being rich (No Aristocratic shame in trade).

Changes: Parliament's (national assembly) and documents (declaration of man and citizen) helped to increase power of third estate and therefore limit power for first and second estate, more meritocracy during Enlightenment, Night of Renunciation, Reading revolution (nobles more educated and can make more educated positions) Versailles - nobles lose power (Louis XIV), Enlightenment (Nobles gain a different position).

Describe and explain significant continuities and changes in the power and position of the bourgeoisie from 1515 to 1815.

Continuities: Always urban middle class, Control over goods prices.

Changes:

- French Revolution:

Got more representation in government (In France with

the national assembly), Ran the country, National

Assembly, Terror, Committee of Public Safety, Directory,

Big enough and powerful enough for another side party,

Sans Culottes,

- Commercial Revolution, Increase in consumer activity,

Had some control of the economy with their buying

power.

Analyze whether or not the period known as the Enlightenment can be considered a turning point in European political and economic history.

Turning Point:

- Political:

New ideas of free will (Locke), checks and balances

(Montesquieu), Made most governments into

constitutional monarchy, Ideas promoted the French

Revolution,

Most enlightenment ideas were displayed in constitutions

(French and American) and Bill of Rights, Promoted a

more modern way of thinking, Promoted Enlightened

Despots (Joseph II, Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great).

- Economic:

Birth of capitalism/free market/laissez faire because of

enlightened thinkers such as Adam Smith, Individualism

meant entrepreneurship and new innovations meant

progress trade and manufacturing,

- Physiocrats:

Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations (1776)) - Believed that

governments should allow their nation to produce what it

can best (comparative advantage), Anti-

mercantilistWanted Free Trade (Pro-Capitalist), Land is the

key to wealth.

Analyze whether or not the Peace of Westphalia (1648) can be considered a turning point in European political and diplomatic history.

Turning Point: Last religious war, Start of toleration in Europe, HRE remained Decentralized, Peace of Augsburg was re-established with the addition of calvinists, Sweden got "German" territory, France received territory, Dutch kept the spice islands from the Portuguese, Boosted their economy and allowed them , Brandenburg-Prussia got some territory.

Not: Still wars after (as well as before - nothing has REALLY changed), Still divided after the war, English Civil War considered a religion war by some.

Analyze whether or not the Age of Exploration and Colonization can be considered a turning point in European political and economic history.

Turning Point:

- Economic:

Profit from trade from Americas and Orient to Europe

Columbian Exchange variety of crops created a influx of

gold and silver in Spain that caused inflation, Slave Trade,

Mercantilism, Trade routes and new sources of trade,

revenue from raw materials found and larger Government

taxation of the colonies (gain revenue).

- Political:

Countries gained territories (new monarchies) and

increased their presence, Spain becomes a super power,

Britain becomes a power because of Atlantic trade