AP Human Geography

A question set for my class

2.6 Malthusian theory

the thought that population would out-pace food production because population grows geometrically while food production grows arithmetically can help predict problems (especially in stage 2 and 3 of DTM) but Thomas Malthus creator of the theory didn't know about advancements in food production and the slow of population growth in the DTM's stages 4 and 5 which water down his theory

2.7 Pronatalist policies

policies that promote births

2.7 Antinatalist Policies

Policies that restrict births

2.7 what are some ways that governments encourage people to have children

parental leave, and paying parents and subsidizes and ad campaigns

2.7 what are some ways that government keep people from having children

birth control/abortion, (forced or allowed) policies, making people pay fees for having children, birth education, and laws on minimum birth age

2.8 What happens when women are educated

1 they are better able to take care of the children they already have 2 they have children later in life because they are continuing their education 3 They want to use their education so they choose to have fewer children and because they have fewer children so they might also work

2.8 what happens when women have employment

The economy increases and women bring money to their families which might go to their children, and governments allow women to play more roles in their society

2.8 What can people know from knowing a countries maternal mortality rate

the access to doctors and health care facilities of that country and the health of the women and maternal mortality rates affect populations

2.8 What happens when women have access to contraception (birth control)

birth rates drop, women stay in school and the workforce for longer periods of time, there can be a shift in social dynamics because less women are at home taking care of children

2.8 According to Ravenstein's laws of Migration who's more likely to move further men or women?

Most international migrants are men, women are more likely to move within a country. This pattern was more relevant when men were the primary income but as women get jobs there are more female migrants

2.8 According to Ravenstein's laws of migration are more migrants young or old

more migrants are young because young people are less established with their situation and more likely to find opportunities elsewhere. If the migrants are older they are usually from more developed areas

2.8 Ravenstein's laws of migration Short Distances

people tend to move only as far as they have to, this is related to Distance Decay

2.8 Ravensteins laws of migration steps

if people move long distances they usually do it in steps like moving from rural area, to town, to city, to megacity

2.8 In Raventstein's laws of migration what is counter Migration

Sometimes when there is a flow of migration one way it starts migration another way ex. young Spanish people moving from Spain to England for jobs and old English people moving from England to Spain for retirement

2.8 In Ravenstein's laws of migration what is Rural to Urban

people historically and on the global scale now tend to move from rural areas to urban areas the reason is usually economic or to find jobs

2.8 In Ravenstein's laws of migration do what is the gravity model

The idea that the bigger the city the more opportunities seen in it and the more people want to migrate there

2.9 Factors that influence population aging

crude birth rate, Infant Mortality Rates, Total Fertility Rates, Crude Death Rates, Life Expectancy

2.9 Factors that effect Life Expectancy

social economics, Diet and Physical Activity, addictive behaviors, Disease, War, physiological stress, food security

2.9 Economic Impacts of population aging

Higher dependency ratio, shrinking tax from workers, more funds needed for elder-care, governments cuting payments other than elder-care

2.9 Social impacts of population aging

more elders in the family styles, social services for seniors, medical specializations for seniors, Senior agglomerations, the snowbird effect

2.9 Political impacts of population aging

Natalist policies to take on the fall in births, military needs, Economic growth, seniors as a voting blockade

2.10 pull factors

Positive situations, event s, or conditions in anplace that draws people to that location

2.10 push factors

Negative situations, events, or conditions in a place where a person currently lives that causes them to want to leave

2.10 intervening obstacles

Negative circumstances that hinder migration

2.10 Intervening opportunities

Positive circumstances that hinder migration

2.11 what are some three types of forced migration

slavery, Refugees/Asylum seekers, and Internally displaced persons

2.11 four types of current slavery according to the United States State Department

Forced Child Labor, Child Servitude, Domestic Service, Debt Bondage or Bonded Labor

2.11 Who are Refugees

people forced to migrate based on political factors, war or environmental Factors

2.11 Who are Asylum Seekers

refugees who seek protection from another country

2.11 Transnational Migration

Migrations between nations or rather from one nation to another

2.11 Transhumance

Migration of livestock and owners between highlands areas in summer months and lowlands in winter months

2.11 Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

2.11 Chain Migration

migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community; when migrants move to communities where relatives or friends migrated previously

2.11- step migration

a process by which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

2.11- Guest workers and Remittances

Guest workers are temporary migrants who are usually allowed to migrate to work or for education the often send money back in remittances

2.12 What are some political effects of migration (largely unathorized)

border disputes based on issues including 1 should national law enforcement enforce border security 2 How do immigrants affect workplaces with regards to the jobs they perform 3 How does immigration support or infringe on civil rights 4 how should a country affect border security

2.12 Economic Effects of Migration

fill important jobs, send home some of the wages, higher levels of education move to get better compensated for work

2.12 Cultural Effects of Migration

quotas, effect cultural diversity, migrants might be blamed for social ills

Reference maps

Maps that show the location of geographic boundaries, such as countries, states, cities, and neighborhoods.

Thematic maps

Maps that emphasize the spatial pattern of geographic attributes or relations.

Spatial patterns

Patterns in geography including distance/direction, clustering, dispersal, and elevation.

Map projections and distortion

Methods used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map, leading to distortions in size, shape, distance, or direction.

Map scale

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual object on the Earth's surface.

Geospatial technologies

Technologies that capture, analyze, and present spatial or geographic data, including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing.

Online mapping

The use of the internet to access and display maps and geographic information.

Remote sensing and Satellite Imagery

The collection of data from a distance using satellites or aircraft, often used for mapping, environmental monitoring, and land use planning.

Satellite navigation systems

Systems that use satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage.

Geographic data sources

Sources of geographic data including field gathering, travel narratives, landscape analysis, and photographic interpretation.

Qualitative data

Descriptive data that can be observed but cannot be measured.

Quantitative data

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically.

Scales of analysis

Different levels of analysis used in research or geography.

Global scale

Analysis conducted at a worldwide level.

Regional scale

Analysis conducted at a regional level, such as a continent or a group of countries.

National scale

Analysis conducted at the level of a specific country.

Local scale

Analysis conducted at a small, localized level like a city or town.

1.1 Identify two types of maps

reference maps, thematic maps

1.1 Identify ways map projections distort

conformal preserve shapes but distort the size of land/equal area keeps land the same land size but ocean size and shape of land can be distorted

1.1 Identify at least 4 common map projections

Mercader/Gall Peters/Robinson/Goodes

1.2 Identify who might gather geospatial field data

Individuals like people working for a report in a university or an organization, like a university, private company or government

1.2 Identify five forms of geospatial technology

GPS, GIS (Geographic Information Systems), remote sensing, aerial photography, satelite imagery

1.2 Describe 7 ways written spatial information can be collected

Interviews, Questionnaires, just writing down observations, media reports, government documents, and travel narratives, Drawing Maps, Notes, Interviewing people, counting and Measuring things,

1.3 Using examples, describe at least three ways gepspatial and geographic data is used to solve problems and make better decisions

Tracing sickness so people in spaces with a lot of sickness can get more care and allowing places with less sickness to not be quarantined/it helps identify where famines, water shortages and rising conflict are and then they know what to do about it and can work with communities to give people a better state of life/ It can help people make good decisions on how to get where they need to go because they use maps and GPS apps/ companies can chose where to go to build and expand based on GIS systems

1.6 Describe four primary scales on analysis

local-large scale, could be a city, block, neighborhood or state/ National- within a country/ Global- smthe scale that covers the whole world

1.6 Use an examples to describe how different scales can reveal different patterns or processes

Texas can be a democratic state as a whole but at a local level you could find a city that is republican

1.6 Describe how different scales can result in different interpretations of data

Data at one level shows the big picture but if you go to a large scale you can see different points and see in more detail and see more information

Formal region

A region defined by a common characteristic, such as a political boundary or climate zone.

Functional region

A region organized around a focal point with surrounding areas affected by it.

Perceptual/vernacular region

A region based on people's feelings and attitudes about an area.

Regional boundaries

Boundaries of regions that can be finite, contested, overlapping, or transitional.

Regional analysis

The study of regions and their characteristics, including their boundaries and features.

Relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place or landmarks.

Clustering

The grouping of a phenomenon in a specific area.

Dispersal

The spreading of a phenomenon over a space.

Place

A specific point on the Earth's surface expressed by a coordinate system such as latitude and longitude.

Flows

The movement of people, goods, and ideas between locations this represents how different locations interact with each other.

Diffusion

The process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time.

Relocation diffusion

The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

Expansion diffusion

The spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.

Friction of distance

The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.

Time-space compression

The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place due to advancements in transportation and communication technology.

1.4 Space

the gap between two places

1.4 absolute location

a places characteristics that never change

1.4 Distance Decay

the further away two places are the less interaction happens between the two places

1.4 Time-space compression

reduction of time it takes for things, people, or information to get from one place to another due to more sophisticated technology

2.1 Low lying areas

low elevations, more people live there because of better soil and there are likely to be oceans which help transportation, provide food and help regulate temperatures

2.1 What is social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on things like economic status, power and/or ethnicity

2.1 What is population distribution

the pattern of human settlement the spread of people across the earth

2.1 agricultural population density

compares the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

shows the economy of a country and the efficiency of the farmer

2.1 Mid latitudes

regions between 30 and 60 degrees of the equator More people live there because of moderate temperatures and better soil

2.1 Physiological population density

calculated by dividing the population by amount of arable land (or land suitable for growing crops) it indicates how close an area is to reaching it's carrying capacity and areas with high Physiological population density often need a way of getting food other than farming

2.1 Ecumene

permanent settlement of humans on the earth's surface

2.1 what are three physical factors that effect where people choose to live

climate, landforms, and water bodies climate like weather patterns over time (people like to live more modern climates and people like to live in lower areas with more rainfall and Landforms where can I survive? people tend to live in areas where they can grow crops or in places with extensive natural resources that can sustain human life water bodies people need water to drink and water for crops

2.1 what are four Human factors that effect where people choose to live

culture, Economics, History, Political Culture people tend to like living where they are with their cultural groups Economics- how can I make money? economics effect where people move and settle History the past influences where people live today Political- types of government/levels of freedon people want to have freedom

2.1 what are the 3 types of population density

Physiological density, Agricultural density and Arithmetic density

can the rules of population density and Ecumene be different at different scales of analysis and in different circumstances

Yes

2.2 carrying capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment, the number of people a farmer can support

2.2 redistricting

adjustments on boundaries every ten years based on census data so each area has similar numbers of voters

2.2 overpopulation

when a region or area has more people than it can support

2.2 Infrastructure

the facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities examples are sewer systems, electrical grids and roads and bridges