Patho Final Review (Good luck 😅)

Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight"

Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension

State of equilibrium/balance within the body

Homeostasis

Function of the Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is ___________. Hormone that decreases blood sugar levels is __________.

Glucagon; Insulin

What chemical helps with endocrine system function?

Hormones

Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum?

Meiosis

A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to edema due to inability to keep fluid within the vessel membranes.

Plasma proteins

Electrolytes that are intracellular?

Potassium, Magnesium

Normal Range for Potassium

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Normal Range for Sodium

135-145 mEq/L

Normal Range for Calcium

4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)

Normal Range for pH

7.35-7.45

Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3)

22-26 mEq/L

Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2)

35-45 mm Hg

Why is hyponatremia dangerous?

Causes brain swelling; can be fatal

Manifestations of Hypovolemia

Thirst, Altered consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes, decreased circulating blood volume

Manifestations of Hypervolemia

Bounding pulses, crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema

What organ(s) store calcium?

Bones

If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom?

Sign

What is an example of insensible water loss?

Sweating & Breathing

Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from extracellular to intracellular space?

Hypotonic

Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular compartments?

Osmosis

Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and intracellular compartments?

Diffusion

Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due to deficiency of what?

Fluids (Water)

What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid-base balance?

Expelling carbon dioxide

What action can cause metabolic acidosis?

Diarrhea

What action can cause metabolic alkalosis?

Vomiting

What is normal saline and what type of solution is it?

0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution

Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from intracellular to extracellular space?

Hypertonic

What is sepsis?

Severe/toxic inflammation caused by infection.

Best way to prevent transmission of infectious agents?

Washing hands

What type of chemicals are released during inflammation/swelling of a specific body area?

Histamine

Why are areas of inflammation red and warm?

Increased blood flow to the areas

Regarding seasonal allergies, what is the role of histamine?

Causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow

Regarding the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), during the alarm stage, there is a release of what stress hormones?

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) ; Cortisol

During anaphylaxis, what physical changes are going on?

Bronchial constriction, Vasodilation

T/F Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease

True

Example of Passive Immunity

Mom to baby through breastfeeding

Which type of White blood cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity and production of immunoglobulins?

Lymphocytes (B-cells)

What is leukocytosis?

Increased White blood cell count

Example of artificial active immunity?

Vaccines

Example of artificial passive immunity?

Injection of antibodies

What is an example of Type 4 (delayed) Hypersensitivity?

Poison Ivy, Contact dermatitis

What is metastatic cancer?

When cancer invades surrounding cells

What is the main goal of systemic chemotherapy?

Kills all fast/mutated replicating cells

Difference between benign & malignant tumors?

Benign are encapsulated and grow slowly; Malignant is fast spreading

What are the steps of carcinogenisis?

Initiation- (alteration, change, or mutation of genes arising spontaneously or induced by exposure to a carcinogenic agent)
Promotion- (lengthy and reversible process in which actively proliferating preneoplastic cells accumulate)
Progression- (final stage of neoplastic transformation, where genetic and phenotypic changes and cell proliferation occur)

What is anaplasia?

Lack of cell differentiation

What is tumor grading?

Degree of cellular differentiation of cells

What is the TNM system?

Tumor, Node, Metastasis

What term is known for fungal infection of the scalp?

Tinea Capitis

T/F There is no diffinative test to diagnose systemic Lupus.

True

T/F Systemic Lupus affects men more than women.

False; affects women 9:1 times more than men

What are manifestations of Scabies?

Mites burrowing in the skin, small streaks, intense itching

What kind of infection is a cold sore?

Herpes Simplex 1

Most common type of bacteria that cause skin infections?

Staph

Burn that affects epidermis and part of dermis, is this full or partial thickness?

Partial thickness

What would you see in 3rd Degree Burns?

Blackened tissue

What is pruritis?

itching of the skin

What is erythema? What causes it?

Redness of the skin; increased blood flow due to release of histamine

What is pediculosis?

Lice

What type of cancer is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Cancer of the skin

How does old age affect the skin?

Skin gets thin, elasticity is decreased, subcutaneous fat decreases

What can cause gout?

Increased uric acid

What is osteoporosis?

Loss of bone density, can be due to aging

When a joint temporarily moves out of its original position?

Dislocation

What is the bone disease that occurs in adults due to Vitamin D deficiency? And in children?

Osteomalasia; Rickets

A tear in the ligament is called? A tear in the tendon?

Sprain; Strain

Term for increased number of cells in tissue/organ?

Hyperplasia

Know Kyphosis, Lordosis, Scoliosis!

Complication of Compartment Syndrome

Severe pain & tissue damage

Difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?

Osteoarthritis (unilateral) is caused by mechanical wear and tear on joints. Rheumatoid (bilateral) arthritis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's own immune system attacks the body's joints.

What type of fracture will have multiple fracture lines and fragments of bone?

Comminuted Fracture

Patient with fibromyalgia will manifest with?

Fatigue & Pain

What is Ankylosing spondylitis?

Inflammatory disease that can cause vertebrae to fuse together

What is Paget's Disease?

Bone disease that causes enlargement/thickening, and weakening of bones

Term for death of bone tissue due to loss of blood supply?

Osteonecrosis

When a portion of the bowel "telescopes" into itself?

Intussusception

H. Pylori can cause what disease?

Peptic Ulcer Disease

What type of patient is at higher risk of developing carcinoma of the liver?

Patient with Cirrhosis (fibrous liver tissue caused by Alcoholism or Hepatitis)

What type of patient is at higher risk of developing intestinal obstruction?

Post-surgery patient who is bedridden/immobile

What type of patient is at higher risk of pancreatitis?

Patient with stones in pancreatic duct

How is Hepatitis B transmitted?

Through blood or sexual contact

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

Fecal-oral route

Most common causes of Cirrhosis in the U.S.?

Hepatitis C & Alcoholism

Cause of Jaundice?

Liver disease due to bilirubin increase

Term for inflammation of the stomach and intestine?

Gastroenteritis

What is chololethiasis? Who is more at risk? (5 F's)

Gallstones; Female, Fertile, Fat, Fair, & Forty

Disease within which organ is the reason for esophageal varices?

Liver Disease

Regarding Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patient, if chest pain and weight loss are present, what could be the cause?

Esophageal Cancer

If patient has bleeding gastric ulcer, what is expected in the stool?

Dark/Tarry stool

Hepatitis is the inflammation of the __________.

Liver

If a patient has Acute Gastritis, where would the pain present?

Epigastric Region

Manifestation of Appendicitis?

Rebound tenderness, Fever, Vomiting

What is the exam to identify Kidney Disease?

Percuss the CVA

Function of Dialysis?

Filters wastes out of the blood

What is a reason for Prerenal Kidney Injury?

Hypotension

What can trigger the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

Decreased blood-flow to the kidneys

When Renin is secreted in excess, how does this affect the body?

Causes hypertension

Which organ is responsible for the production of Albumin in the body?

Liver