Studied by 8 people
Hydrogen bonds
________ make water molecules spread out as the water freezes into ice.
Dehydration synthesis
________ binds two amino acids together, forming a dipeptide.
chain of amino acids
A(n) ________ folds up into a unique 3- D shape to become a protein.
Buffer solutions
________- maintain a constant pH by absorbing or releasing H+ into a solution.
Hydrolysis
________- chemical reactions that break polymers apart.
Chemical bonds
________ are determined by electrons.
Cholesterol
________ regulates the fluidity of animal cell membranes; it is also used to synthesize many sex hormones.
Triglycerides
________ (fats and oils)- energy rich, needed for long term energy storage.
Atom
________- smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.
Cohesion
________- tendency of water molecules to stick to one another.
Enzymes
________ form bonds between two monomers.
Noble gases
________- full and do not bond.
ionic bonds
In ________, both atoms get full outer shells, so both atoms become stable.
Electrons
________ spend less time- slightly positive charge (atom)
Proteins
________ have many different structures and functions.
Monosaccharides
________ are simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides
________ are long chains of carbohydrates.
Adhesion
________- allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.
number of neutrons
The ________ may vary which causes each isotope to have different masses.
Saturation
________ gives triglycerides different properties.
single unit
Monomers- ________ of carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid.
Steroids
________- third class of lipids.
atomic weight
The ________ on the periodic table is the average mass.
similar electronegativity
When atoms have ________, neither will pull electrons more strongly than the other.
Organic molecules
________ such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are common in our diets.
Acidic solutions
________ have a low pH and a high H+ concentration.
Protons
________ and neutrons- in atomic nucleus.
Monomers of proteins
________ are amino acids.
Energy shells
________, orbitals, contain the atoms electrons.
Primary structure
________ (sequence): Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
Element
________- a substance that can not be broken down by chemical means into other substances.
negative atom
Partially ________ attracts a hydrogen atom with partially positive charged.
positive charge
Slightly ________ on the hydrogen atom attracts the negatively charge of a neighboring water molecule.
PH scale
________ shows the amount of H+ ions in solutions.
Dehydration synthesis
________ binds two simple sugars together, forming a disaccharide.
Hydrolysis
________ separates fatty acids from glycerol.
Cohesion
________ and Adhesion allows water to "climb "from a trees roots to its highest leaves.
Proteins
________ are the "workers "of the cell; they do almost everything.
Electrons
________ can completely transfer over to highly electronegative atoms.
Atoms
________ do not have charge.
Hydrogen bonds
________ make water resist changes in temperature.
Dehydration synthesis
________- chemical reaction that joins monomers.
Hydrolysis
________ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Electrons
________- surround the atomic nucleus.
Atoms
________ are more stable when their outer shells have no vacancies.
Hydrogen bonds
________ form between adjacent molecules or between different parts of a large molecule.
Dehydration synthesis
________ binds two nucleotides which creates DNA and RNA.
Hydrolysis
________ separates dipeptides and polypeptides into individual amino acids.
Electrons
________ are arranged in pairs on the shells.
Atoms
________ are organized into molecules.
Element
a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances
mass
things inside
weight
gravitational pull
Atom
smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element
electrons
surround the atomic nucleus
protons and neutrons
in atomic nucleus
protons
positively charged (+), mass 1
neutrons
neutral (0) mass 1
electrons
negatively charged (-), mass 0
Atomic number
number of protons
Atom mass number
number of protons and neutrons
Ion
charged atom
Covalent Bonds
when atoms share electrons
Double bonds
share 4 electrons between atoms
Noble gases
full and do not bond
Electrons spend more time
slightly negative charge (atom)
Electrons spend less time
slightly positive charge (atom)
Different electronegativity
polar covalent bonds
atom that loses an electron
positively charged
atom that gains
negatively charged
H
H bond in hydrogen bond
electronegativity difference is moderate or large (0.4
1.7)
O
H bond in water molecule
Two elements with similar/moderately different electronegativities will
form nonpolar covalent bonds
Two elements with very different electronegativities will
form ionic bonds
Cohesion
tendency of water molecules to stick to one another
Adhesion
allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules
Water dissolves hydrophilic (water
loving) substances
Water does not dissolve hydrophobic (water
fearing) solutes
Example
Lipids (butter) that have nonpolar covalent bonds
Acidic pH <7
the lower the pH, the stronger the acid
Alkaline (basic) pH > 7
the higher the pH, the stronger the base
Have more OH
ions than H+ ions
Buffer solutions
maintain a constant pH by absorbing or releasing H+ into a solution
pH too high
releases H+ to lower pH
pH too low
absorbs H+ to raise pH
Contain both carbon and hydrogen (ex
methane)
monomers
single unit of carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid
Dehydration synthesis
chemical reaction that joins monomers
Hydrolysis
chemical reactions that break polymers apart
example
ribose, glucose, and fructose
ex
sucrose
cellulose
structure
starch
energy
glycogen
energy
Collagen
Create cellular structures
Actin and Myosin
Produce muscle contractions
The 20 different amino acids have 20 different R
groups
A chain of amino acids folds up into a unique 3
D shape to become a protein
Primary structure (sequence)
Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
Note
Flashcard