Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life

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111 Terms

1

Hydrogen bonds

________ make water molecules spread out as the water freezes into ice.

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2

Dehydration synthesis

________ binds two amino acids together, forming a dipeptide.

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3

chain of amino acids

A(n) ________ folds up into a unique 3- D shape to become a protein.

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4

Buffer solutions

________- maintain a constant pH by absorbing or releasing H+ into a solution.

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5

Hydrolysis

________- chemical reactions that break polymers apart.

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6

Chemical bonds

________ are determined by electrons.

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7

Cholesterol

________ regulates the fluidity of animal cell membranes; it is also used to synthesize many sex hormones.

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8

Triglycerides

________ (fats and oils)- energy rich, needed for long term energy storage.

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9

Atom

________- smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.

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10

Cohesion

________- tendency of water molecules to stick to one another.

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11

Enzymes

________ form bonds between two monomers.

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12

Noble gases

________- full and do not bond.

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13

ionic bonds

In ________, both atoms get full outer shells, so both atoms become stable.

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14

Electrons

________ spend less time- slightly positive charge (atom)

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15

Proteins

________ have many different structures and functions.

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16

Monosaccharides

________ are simple sugars; they are the monomers that make up larger carbohydrates.

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17

Polysaccharides

________ are long chains of carbohydrates.

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18

Adhesion

________- allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules.

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19

number of neutrons

The ________ may vary which causes each isotope to have different masses.

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20

Saturation

________ gives triglycerides different properties.

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21

single unit

Monomers- ________ of carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid.

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22

Steroids

________- third class of lipids.

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23

atomic weight

The ________ on the periodic table is the average mass.

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24

similar electronegativity

When atoms have ________, neither will pull electrons more strongly than the other.

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25

Organic molecules

________ such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are common in our diets.

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26

Acidic solutions

________ have a low pH and a high H+ concentration.

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27

Protons

________ and neutrons- in atomic nucleus.

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28

Monomers of proteins

________ are amino acids.

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29

Energy shells

________, orbitals, contain the atoms electrons.

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30

Primary structure

________ (sequence): Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

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31

Element

________- a substance that can not be broken down by chemical means into other substances.

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32

negative atom

Partially ________ attracts a hydrogen atom with partially positive charged.

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33

positive charge

Slightly ________ on the hydrogen atom attracts the negatively charge of a neighboring water molecule.

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34

PH scale

________ shows the amount of H+ ions in solutions.

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35

Dehydration synthesis

________ binds two simple sugars together, forming a disaccharide.

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36

Hydrolysis

________ separates fatty acids from glycerol.

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37

Cohesion

________ and Adhesion allows water to "climb "from a trees roots to its highest leaves.

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38

Proteins

________ are the "workers "of the cell; they do almost everything.

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39

Electrons

________ can completely transfer over to highly electronegative atoms.

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40

Atoms

________ do not have charge.

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41

Hydrogen bonds

________ make water resist changes in temperature.

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42

Dehydration synthesis

________- chemical reaction that joins monomers.

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43

Hydrolysis

________ breaks disaccharides into monosaccharides.

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44

Electrons

________- surround the atomic nucleus.

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45

Atoms

________ are more stable when their outer shells have no vacancies.

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46

Hydrogen bonds

________ form between adjacent molecules or between different parts of a large molecule.

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47

Dehydration synthesis

________ binds two nucleotides which creates DNA and RNA.

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48

Hydrolysis

________ separates dipeptides and polypeptides into individual amino acids.

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49

Electrons

________ are arranged in pairs on the shells.

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50

Atoms

________ are organized into molecules.

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51

Element

a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances

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52

mass

things inside

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53

weight

gravitational pull

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54

Atom

smallest piece of an element that retains the characteristics of the element

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55

electrons

surround the atomic nucleus

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56

protons and neutrons

in atomic nucleus

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57

protons

positively charged (+), mass 1

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58

neutrons

neutral (0) mass 1

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59

electrons

negatively charged (-), mass 0

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60

Atomic number

number of protons

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61

Atom mass number

number of protons and neutrons

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62

Ion

charged atom

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63

Covalent Bonds

when atoms share electrons

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64

Double bonds

share 4 electrons between atoms

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65

Noble gases

full and do not bond

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66

Electrons spend more time

slightly negative charge (atom)

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67

Electrons spend less time

slightly positive charge (atom)

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68

Different electronegativity

polar covalent bonds

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69

atom that loses an electron

positively charged

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70

atom that gains

negatively charged

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71

H

H bond in hydrogen bond

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72

electronegativity difference is moderate or large (0.4

1.7)

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73

O

H bond in water molecule

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74

Two elements with similar/moderately different electronegativities will

form nonpolar covalent bonds

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75

Two elements with very different electronegativities will

form ionic bonds

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76

Cohesion

tendency of water molecules to stick to one another

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77

Adhesion

allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules

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78

Water dissolves hydrophilic (water

loving) substances

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79

Water does not dissolve hydrophobic (water

fearing) solutes

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80

Example

Lipids (butter) that have nonpolar covalent bonds

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81

Acidic pH <7

the lower the pH, the stronger the acid

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82

Alkaline (basic) pH > 7

the higher the pH, the stronger the base

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83

Have more OH

ions than H+ ions

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84

Buffer solutions

maintain a constant pH by absorbing or releasing H+ into a solution

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85

pH too high

releases H+ to lower pH

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86

pH too low

absorbs H+ to raise pH

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87

Contain both carbon and hydrogen (ex

methane)

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88

monomers

single unit of carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid

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89

Dehydration synthesis

chemical reaction that joins monomers

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90

Hydrolysis

chemical reactions that break polymers apart

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91

example

ribose, glucose, and fructose

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92

ex

sucrose

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93

cellulose

structure

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94

starch

energy

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95

glycogen

energy

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96

Collagen

Create cellular structures

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97

Actin and Myosin

Produce muscle contractions

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98

The 20 different amino acids have 20 different R

groups

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99

A chain of amino acids folds up into a unique 3

D shape to become a protein

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100

Primary structure (sequence)

Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

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