ap exam3

Long bones

Longer than they are wide; e.g., femur

Short bones

Cube-shaped; e.g., carpals

Flat bones

Thin, flat, and usually curved; e.g., sternum

Irregular bones

Complex shapes; e.g., vertebrae

Sesamoid bones

Embedded in tendons; e.g., patella

Tubercle/Tuberosity

Small, rounded projection for muscle attachment

Foramen

Hole in bone for blood vessels and nerves

Condyle

Smooth, rounded surface for articulation

Axial skeleton

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

Appendicular skeleton

Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

Bone around ear opening

Temporal bone

Main bones in eye orbit

Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine

Nasal septum bones

Vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Bone articulating with all cranial bones

Sphenoid (butterfly-shaped)

Only movable skull bone

Mandible

Suture between parietal bones

Sagittal suture

Sutures definition

Immovable fibrous joints between skull bones

Suture type

Fibrous joint

Fontanel at coronal and squamous sutures

Anterolateral fontanel

Fontanel Definition

Soft spots in infant skull for brain growth

Sinuses Definition

Air-filled spaces in skull bones

Sinuses Functions

Reduce skull weight, humidify air, enhance voice resonance

Cervical vertebrae

7

Thoracic vertebrae

12

Lumbar vertebrae

5

Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

Coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae

Vertebral body

Supports weight

Spinous/transverse processes

Muscle attachment

Articular processes

Joint formation

Vertebral foramen

Spinal cord passage

Lordosis

Exaggerated lumbar curve

Kyphosis

Exaggerated thoracic curve

C1 (Atlas)

No body, allows head nodding

C2 (Axis)

Dens/odontoid process for rotation

Sternum parts

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Rib articulation

Thoracic vertebrae

True ribs

1-7, attach directly to sternum

False ribs

8-10, attach indirectly via cartilage

Floating ribs

11-12, no attachment to sternum

Pectoral girdle bones

Clavicle, scapula

Glenoid cavity function

Shoulder joint socket

Acromion part of

Scapula

Clavicle attachments

Sternum (medial), scapula (lateral)

Humerus articulation

Scapula (proximal), radius & ulna (distal)

Radius side

Lateral (thumb side)

Ulna side

Medial (pinky side)

Carpal bones order

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Metacarpals

5

Phalanges per digit

3 (except thumb, which has 2)

Pelvic girdle bones

Ilium, ischium, pubis

Acetabulum location

Hip socket, articulates with femur

Femur distal articulation

Tibia & patella (knee joint)

Patella

Knee cap

Fibula proximal articulation

Tibia

Fibula & tibia distal articulation

Talus (ankle)

Inferior to talus

Calcaneus (heel bone)

Metatarsals

5

Phalanges per digit

3 (except big toe, which has 2)

Functions of Bones

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage, Blood cell production (hematopoiesis), Fat storage

Bone Composition Living part

Cells

Osteoblasts

Build bone

Osteocytes

Maintain bone

Osteoclasts

Break down bone

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells for bone

Bone Composition Non-living part

Extracellular matrix

Extracelluar matrix Made of

Collagen and calcium salts

Osteoid producer

Osteoblasts

Red Bone Marrow

Produces blood cells, in children

Yellow Bone Marrow

Fat storage, can revert to red

Long bone parts

Diaphysis, epiphysis, metaphysis

Compact bone features

Osteons, lamellae, central canals, lacunae, canaliculi

Spongy bone features

Trabeculae, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

Intramembranous

Forms flat bones from mesenchyme

Endochondral

Forms bones from cartilage template

Interstitial

Lengthening at epiphyseal plate

Appositional

Thickening due to stress/exercise

Calcium

Strength, nerve/muscle function

Vitamin C

Collagen synthesis

Vitamin D

Calcium absorption

Vitamin A

Osteoblast function

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium (thyroid)

Parathyroid hormone

Increases blood calcium (parathyroid)

Osteomalacia/Rickets

Soft bones due to Vitamin D deficiency

Osteoporosis

Bone mass loss

Scurvy

Vitamin C deficiency, weak bones

Gomphosis

Tooth socket (fibrous, synarthrotic)

Suture

Skull bones (fibrous, synarthrotic)

Syndesmosis

Ligament connection (fibrous, amphiarthrotic)

Synchondrosis

Cartilage (hyaline, synarthrotic)

Symphysis

Fibrocartilage (amphiarthrotic)

Articular cartilage

Hyaline, reduces friction

Fibrous capsule

Dense CT, encloses joint

Synovial membrane

Produces synovial fluid

Ligaments

Dense CT, stability

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs for cushioning

Tendons

Muscle to bone attachment

Ball & socket

Multiaxial, rotation (shoulder, hip)

Hinge

Uniaxial, flexion/extension (elbow, knee)