2, 3, 4 of allied

Ethical systems are based on the laws of a country.

false

The answers to most ethical issues in health care can be found in the code of ethics for your occupational area.

false

If an individual provides emergency assistance to an unconscious victim of an accident, it is likely the person giving aid will be protected by ____________________ laws.

good Samaritan

Schedule 1 controlled substances are those that have a high potential for __________.

abuse

Personal values must sometimes be put aside if they conflict with facility policies regarding patient care.​

true

A(n) ____________________ contains documents that designate a health care surrogate and contains directions regarding health care decisions.

advance directive

It is legal to take organs after a patient's death, without his prior permission or that of his family, if there are patients in the same facility waiting for transplants.

false

As long as a patient gives permission for a procedure, the health care professional is guaranteed protection from charges of battery.

false

It is essential that patients give their _____ before any medical procedures are performed.

consent

Health care facilities are required by federal law to inform patients of their right to prepare advance directives.

true

Some people believe that _______________ is justified if a patient is experiencing pain and suffering from an incurable disease, while others consider this to be a crime.

euthanasia

Patient confidentiality can be broken, if necessary, to report suspected abuse.

true

A(n) ____________________ is at least 18 years of age or meets certain requirements, such as being married.

emancipated minor

Performing patient care duties that you have not been trained to do, even if done in good faith, can result in charges of _________________________.

negligence

Health care professionals cannot be held legally responsible for the actions of their employees if the employees have not followed the employer's instructions.

false

A leading cause of malpractice lawsuits is poor interpersonal relationships between patients and health care providers.

true

It is illegal for the physician who signs a patient's death certificate to participate in any activities that involve removing organs from a deceased patient for transplant in another patient.

true

Laws can conflict with the moral beliefs of some members of society.

true

Some laws have unintended consequences that negatively affect patients and the care they receive.

true

​Patient gives consent through behavior and cooperation.

implied consent

​A type of advance directive that outlines the type of treatment the patient does and does not want given

living will

Every health care professional is likely to face occasional ethical dilemmas, which are:​

​situations in which there are no clear answers.

​Patient gives permission to perform a procedure that the physician has explained to him.

informed consent

​Health care provider touches a patient or performs a procedure without the patient's consent.

battery

​Health care provider tells a patient that a procedure will be performed for his own good whether he wants it or not.

assault

​Patient gives consent by signing a written document.

express consent

​Patient is held in a hospital against his will because he needs medical treatment.

false imprisonment

​Written instructions are prepared by the patient to be followed if she becomes unable to make health care decisions.

advance directive

​A document in which a patient designates a specific person to act on her behalf if she becomes unable to make health care decisions

durable power of attorney for health care

​Any type of cheating or trickery, usually performed to gain something of value

fraud

​The patient's right to privacy regarding his medical condition and records

confidentiality

​The act of harming a person's reputation

defamation of character

​Writing untrue or damaging remarks about another person

libel

​Saying untrue or damaging remarks about another person

slander

Health care professionals should be familiar with the code of ethics for their occupational area in order to:​

​know the ideal standards of behavior for their occupations.

​Formalized promises that are enforceable by law

contract

Personal values are best described as:​

​what an individual believes to be most important in life.

Which statement correctly describes the laws of the United States?​

​Some laws result in unintended negative results.

​Which is the best action for health care professionals to take if they believe that their facility has a policy that is not in the best interest of the patients?

​Talk with their supervisor privately about their concerns.

It is becoming more acceptable in our society to discontinue the use of artificial means of life support because:​

​it allows a death that is going to happen anyway as a result of the patient's current illness or injury.

The term "euthanasia" means:​

​taking deliberate action that results in death.

Which of the following patient care examples is both legal and demonstrates respect for a patient's autonomy?​

​Allowing a patient to refuse treatment, even if it will negatively affect his health

What does the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act require health care providers to do if they suspect child abuse?​

​Report it to the proper authorities.

Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of a legal contract?​

​A signed document outlining the terms of the agreement

Which of the following is NOT a generally accepted criterion for deciding which patient should receive an organ transplant?​

​Financial status of the patient

Which of the following is an example of implied consent?​

​Patient makes an appointment and arrives at imaging center for an x-ray.

​Failure to do what one has agreed to do in a contract

breach of contract

​A person, such as an employee, who acts on behalf of another

agent

It is not recommended that a patient be told that he will soon be "as good as new" after suffering a serious heart attack, because the statement may be interpreted as an enforceable

contract

Health care professionals should always follow their facility's __________, which are standard methods of performing procedures.

protocols

10 significant events in the history of Western health care that changed the way care was delivered

The Black Plague, Renaissance/scientific revolution, invention of the microscope, vaccination for smallpox, enlightenment, focus on preventative health care, invention of anesthesia, idea that blood circulates throughout the body, discovery that bacteria causes specific diseases, invention of surgical instruments, discovery of blood groups

Gene therapy

Transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing/defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders

Targeted drug therapy

Treatment that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific types of cancer cells with less harm to normal cells

Leading prevention and treatment option in the health field today

Pharmaceuticals

Specialization

Specialties of physicians/health fields - more expertise in one field, increased cost to provide health care, decreases long-term relationships between doctors and patients

Effect of our aging population on health care today

Puts increased demands on facilities/services that provide long-term care, treatment/care devoted to chronic problems, home care services, and care for Alzheimer's

What has happened to health care costs over the past few years

It has increased dramatically

Factors that are changing how we approach health care today

Discoveries about the causes of disease and methods of treatment, access to information about the health care practices of other cultures, search for less costly alternatives to surgery and drugs, growing interest in the use of natural products, belief that the mind and body are more closely connected than previously thought, emphasis on preventing rather than simply curing disease, increasing number of patients who want to assume more responsibility for their health by participating in preventative and self-care practices, more patients conducting their own research and taking an active role in making decisions about their treatment, desire for increased humanization of medicine through touch, massage, and other hands-on methods, increased direct-to-consumer advertising of drugs and medical supplies and services

Wellness

The promotion of health through preventative measures and the practice of good health habits

Theory of expanding consciousness

Health is more than the absence of disease. Some people will never be "well" so patients should make their lives as meaningful as possible by focusing on their possibilities rather than on their limitations

Holistic medicine (concept, aspects of patient it addresses, and factors emphasized by providers)

Belief that the traditional view of medicine must be expanded, entire person must be considered when making therapeutic decisions (physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, environmental); providers emphasize that prevention is preferable to treatment, patients must accept responsibility for their own health, stress is an important factor in health and should be reduced, proper nutrition and exercise are essential, attitude has a powerful effect on the body and its functioning

Western approach to medicine

Based on a scientific approach, focus on pathology and curing disease

Complementary approach to medicine

Comprises methods other than those traditionally used in Western medicine and is used together with Western medicine (ex. meditation)

Alternative approach to medicine

Practices used instead of Western medicine (ex. acupuncture)

Integrative approach to medicine

Combination of Western medicine with complementary and alternative medicine (ex. chemotherapy combined with meditation and nutritional supplements)

Signs that a health care product may be fraudulent

Claims that product is a quick effective cure for a wide variety of health problems, suggests that product is based on "scientific breakthrough," "miraculous cure," or "secret ingredient", uses text with impressive sounding terms that are not defined elsewhere, provides undocumented case histories of amazing results, has limited availability and requires payment in advance

Basis of osteopathy

Belief that the body can protect itself against disease if the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine, is in good order (and good nutrition and environmental conditions)

Basis of chiropractic

Belief that pressure on the nerves leaving the spinal column causes pain or dysfunction of the body part served by that nerve

Health benefits of massage therapy

Relaxes muscles and promotes better circulation, faster healing of injuries, and pain relief

Basis and uses of naturopathy

Based on belief that the human body has its own natural healing ability, uses diet, exercise, lifestyle changes and cutting-edge natural therapies to enhance patients' bodies' ability to ward off and combat disease

Basis and uses of homeopathy

Based on idea of stimulating the body's own healing responses, uses very small amounts of the natural substances that cause the symptoms of the disorder in healthy people (exposure to onions to treat cold symptoms)

Basis and uses of acupuncture

Belief that inserting tiny needles into specific points in the body will relieve energy blocks, used to provide short-term relief from various health problems

Meaning and purpose of personalized medicine (precision medicine)

Treatment will be based on each patient's own biochemical makeup, provide hope for curing cancer (looks at DNA)

Effect of health care costs on many Americans

Millions of Americans lack health insurance or cannot afford health insurance

Challenges of providing quality long-term care for older Americans

Increasing need for long-term care, costs of nursing facilities/long-term care housing are increasing each year, Medicare only covers short-term stays in nursing homes and no coverage for assisted living, Medicaid covers nursing home care but might not be able to get the right funding in the future

6 social problems that affect health care

Poverty, homelessness, violence, substance abuse, spousal/child/elder abuse, malnutrition

Health disparities

Differences in the health status of different groups of people

How racism affects health care

Racial and ethnic minority groups suffer more health problems and have shorter life expectancies, discrimination lowers quality of care, misperceptions about physical differences

Difficulties with maintaining the quality of care in today's economic environment

With health care costs increasing, insurance companies can make many decisions about patient care (can cut costs but also lower quality of care)

Preauthorization and potential effect on patient's care

Permission from insurance, based on if they think the proposed procedures are medically necessary and whether low-cost alternatives are available, can lower patient's quality of care because reviewers may not have medical training to understand and many decisions are made based on "average patient"

Problems associated with many of the nation's nursing homes

Many accused of providing inadequate care in order to raise profits, rate of turnover is very high (low staff)

Alzheimer's disease and its effects now and in the future on the health care system

Type of dementia, progressive disease that eventually affects basic body functions and results in death, 6th leading cause of death in the US, millions diagnosed each year/continues to grow, facilities need to have trained caregivers and more affordable cost

Difficulty in responding to infectious disease outbreaks

Monitoring and researching health issues must be ongoing, difficult to respond quickly (hard to develop vaccines)

Statistics that describe the problem of medication adherence among Americans

2/3 of Americans have prescribed medications but up to 50% do not take their medications as directed, leads to up to $300 billion in annual preventable medical costs and 125,000 deaths annually

Extent and significance of the opioid crisis

In the late 1990s, pharmaceutical companies heavily promoted opioid pain medications but they were extremely addictive and resulted in a public health emergency. Now millions of Americans are addicted, experiencing overdoses, and dying

11 strategies for fighting the opioid crisis

Improving access to treatment and recovery services, promoting the use of overdose-reversing drugs, strengthening our understanding of the epidemic through better public health surveillance, providing support for cutting edge research on pain and addiction, advancing better practices for pain management, creating safe prescribing guidelines for providers, regulating pain clinics, identifying fraudulent prescriptions, teaching patients other methods for controlling pain, educating patients about the risks of opioid pain medications, improving access to naloxone (antidote to opioid overdose)

What does it mean when bacteria mutate/how does it affect the use of antibiotics

They change in ways that reduce or eliminate the effectiveness of antibiotics to destroy them (antibiotic resistance)

Give statistics that describe the increasing rate of suicide in the US

Has increased by 30%, 10th leading cause of death overall and 2nd leading cause among young people ages 10-34

CDC's warning signs of potential suicide

Expressing hopelessness, threatening to hurt oneself or talking about wanting to die, increasing alcohol and drug use, withdrawing from friends and family

Why health care providers believe that prescription drugs should not be advertised

They are dangerous, information is not complete/accurate, medications advertised may not be the most appropriate for patient's condition, simple solutions presented do not give patients all the information they need

Levels of care offered by the modern hospital

Trauma center, emergency department, intensive care unit (ICU), cardiac care unit (CCU), definitive observation unit or step-down unit, general unit (surgical and medical floor), transitional care unit (TCU), rehabilitation units, psychiatric units

Methods that hospitals use to control costs

Diversification of services, elimination of services that duplicate those offered at nearby hospitals, merging with other hospitals, joining a large health care system, being purchased by a national corporation that owns and manages many hospitals

10 ambulatory health care facilities (outpatient)

Dental offices, diagnostic centers, emergency/urgent care centers, medical offices, laboratories, rehab centers, specialty clinics/offices, surgical centers, health care services in companies/schools/prisons, wellness centers

Major types of long-term care facilities

Nursing homes, adult foster home, assisted living residence, continuing care community

Health care services and care that can be provided in the patient's home

Nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, counseling/financial planning, personal care

Purpose of hospice

Provides palliative (relieves but does not cure) care and support to patients who are expected to die within 6 months and their families

Why health care facilities are consolidating (combining under same ownership)

Better prices when buying supplies, share expensive equipment, avoid duplication of laboratory and diagnostic services, share knowledge/management expertise, prevent duplication

2 examples of new types of health care facilities

MinuteClinics and medical malls

Typical services offered by federal government, state, and local agencies

Federal: NIH, CDC, OSHA, FDA

State: license health care personnel/hospitals/nursing homes, monitor chronic and contagious diseases, provide lab/emergency medical/mental health services, establish health data systems, conduct public health planning

Local: collect vital statistics (births/deaths), conduct sanitation inspections, provide health education, screen for diseases (cancer/diabetes), carry out insect control measures, supervise water/sewage systems, provide immunizations, operate venereal disease clinics, provide mental health/substance abuse counseling

Which is the best definition of "professionalism" as it applies to the health care professional?

Doing one's best to provide high-quality service