virus Vaccine
uses part of/weakened virus to stimulate host cells
Protein-Based Vaccine
uses genetic engineered proteins to help the body recognize proteins on an antigen
Nucleic acid Vaccine
uses mRNA/DNA that code for antigen proteins to trigger immune response
Muscular System Fuctions
Locomotion
Posture maintenance
Stabilize joints
Produce heat when contracted
muscles can...
contract
extend
return to original shape
Smooth muscle location
digestive tract
Smooth muscle characteristics
no striations
spindle-shaped cells
SINGLE nucleus
involuntary
Cardiac muscle location
heart
Cardiac muscle characteristics
striations
SINGLE nucleus
involuntary
cells join to each other at intercalated disc
Skeletal muscle location
everywhere around bones
Skeletal muscle characteristics
mostly attached to tendons and bones
MULTIPLE nuclei
striated
voluntary
cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue
how do muscles attach?
Origin - attachment to an immoveable bone
AND
Insertion - attachment to a movable bone
where do muscles attach?
Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings
What are muscles covered with?
Endomysium - around single muscle fiber
Perimysium - around a bundle of fibers
Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle
Fascia - on the outside of the epimysium
What happens when muscles contract?
They get shorter by Myosin using ATP to pull Actin closer to each other. The more contracted muscle causes the angle between the joint to lessen.
Agonist (primary movers)
Large muscles meant to create a large amount of force
Antagonist
Muscles which relax to allow another muscle to contract to help ensure that the prime movers are not over extending.
Fixators
A muscle which stabilizes the origin of a prime mover, allows the agonist to function properly.
Synergist
Muscles that aides a prime mover and helps prevent rotation
rectus
straight
maximus
largest
triceps
three heads
sterno
on the sternum
deltoid
triangular
flexor and extensor
flexes or extends a bone
myo- & mys-
muscle
sarco-
flesh
Flexion
decreasing the angle between two adjacent body parts
Extension
increasing the angle between two adjacent body parts
Rotation
the bone distal to the joint is moved towards or away from the midline
Abduction
the movement of a body part away from the midline
Adduction
the movement of a body part back toward the midline
Circumduction
a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (windmilling the arms)
Skeletal System functions
Support and protection
Body movement
Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis in bone marrow)
Storage of inorganic materials
Axial Skeleton
spine & head
Appendicular Skeleton
limbs
Synarthrotic Joints
Non-moveable joints (sutures)
Sub Joint
Fibrous joints
Amphiarthrotic
Slightly moveable joints
Sub Joint
Cartilaginous joints
Diarthrotic
Moveable joints
Sub Joint
Synovial joints
spiral bone fractures
Caused by twisting force
Transverse bone fractures
Caused by bending force
Comminuted
Caused by impact force
Cobbs Angles
the maximum distance from straight a scoliotic curve may be
How to draw & measure a Cobb angle
Draw an endplate line between the two intersections of the end vertebra endplate and lateral margins on the film or a straight line drawn between the upper tangent of pedicles' eyes in the same vertebra.
Measure the rectangle angle of the upper endplate line to draw the vertical line, and measure the rectangle angle of the lower endplate line to draw the vertical line.
Measure the included angle between two vertical lines
Top vertebrate
atlas
The second vertebrate
axis
Kyphosis
vertebra bending out
lordosis
vertebra bending in
SEM
scanning electron microscope, uses focused beam of electrons to create magnified images of samples
SEM cons
Can not image wet, nonconductive, or not solid samples
NO LIVING ORGANISMS
Requires vacuum
Uses electron detector to detect electrons and form an image
AFM
atomic force microscope, type of scanning probe microscopy. Information gathered by 'feeling/ touching' surface with probe.
AFM pros
Three major abilities: force measurement, topographic imaging, manipulation of samples
Width of tip in micro scale
Samples used do not need any special preparation, does not require a vacuum, can image biological samples