HIBE Midterm

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90 Terms

1

virus Vaccine

uses part of/weakened virus to stimulate host cells

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2

Protein-Based Vaccine

uses genetic engineered proteins to help the body recognize proteins on an antigen

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3

Nucleic acid Vaccine

uses mRNA/DNA that code for antigen proteins to trigger immune response

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4

Muscular System Fuctions

Locomotion

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5

Posture maintenance

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6

Stabilize joints

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7

Produce heat when contracted

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8

muscles can...

contract

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9

extend

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10

return to original shape

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11

Smooth muscle location

digestive tract

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12

Smooth muscle characteristics

no striations

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13

spindle-shaped cells

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14

SINGLE nucleus

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15

involuntary

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16

Cardiac muscle location

heart

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17

Cardiac muscle characteristics

striations

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18

SINGLE nucleus

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19

involuntary

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20

cells join to each other at intercalated disc

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21

Skeletal muscle location

everywhere around bones

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22

Skeletal muscle characteristics

mostly attached to tendons and bones

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23

MULTIPLE nuclei

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24

striated

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25

voluntary

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26

cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

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27

how do muscles attach?

Origin - attachment to an immoveable bone

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28

AND

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29

Insertion - attachment to a movable bone

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30

where do muscles attach?

Bones

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31

Cartilages

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32

Connective tissue coverings

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33

What are muscles covered with?

Endomysium - around single muscle fiber

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34

Perimysium - around a bundle of fibers

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35

Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle

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36

Fascia - on the outside of the epimysium

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37

What happens when muscles contract?

They get shorter by Myosin using ATP to pull Actin closer to each other. The more contracted muscle causes the angle between the joint to lessen.

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38

Agonist (primary movers)

Large muscles meant to create a large amount of force

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39

Antagonist

Muscles which relax to allow another muscle to contract to help ensure that the prime movers are not over extending.

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40

Fixators

A muscle which stabilizes the origin of a prime mover, allows the agonist to function properly.

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41

Synergist

Muscles that aides a prime mover and helps prevent rotation

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42

rectus

straight

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43

maximus

largest

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44

triceps

three heads

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45

sterno

on the sternum

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46

deltoid

triangular

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47

flexor and extensor

flexes or extends a bone

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48

myo- & mys-

muscle

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49

sarco-

flesh

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50

Flexion

decreasing the angle between two adjacent body parts

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51

Extension

increasing the angle between two adjacent body parts

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52

Rotation

the bone distal to the joint is moved towards or away from the midline

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53

Abduction

the movement of a body part away from the midline

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54

Adduction

the movement of a body part back toward the midline

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55

Circumduction

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (windmilling the arms)

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56

Skeletal System functions

Support and protection

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57

Body movement

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58

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis in bone marrow)

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59

Storage of inorganic materials

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60

Axial Skeleton

spine & head

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61

Appendicular Skeleton

limbs

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62

Synarthrotic Joints

Non-moveable joints (sutures)

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63

Sub Joint

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64

Fibrous joints

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65

Amphiarthrotic

Slightly moveable joints

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66

Sub Joint

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67

Cartilaginous joints

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68

Diarthrotic

Moveable joints

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69

Sub Joint

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70

Synovial joints

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71

spiral bone fractures

Caused by twisting force

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72

Transverse bone fractures

Caused by bending force

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73

Comminuted

Caused by impact force

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74

Cobbs Angles

the maximum distance from straight a scoliotic curve may be

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75

How to draw & measure a Cobb angle

Draw an endplate line between the two intersections of the end vertebra endplate and lateral margins on the film or a straight line drawn between the upper tangent of pedicles' eyes in the same vertebra.

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76

Measure the rectangle angle of the upper endplate line to draw the vertical line, and measure the rectangle angle of the lower endplate line to draw the vertical line.

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77

Measure the included angle between two vertical lines

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78

Top vertebrate

atlas

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79

The second vertebrate

axis

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80

Kyphosis

vertebra bending out

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81

lordosis

vertebra bending in

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82

SEM

scanning electron microscope, uses focused beam of electrons to create magnified images of samples

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83

SEM cons

Can not image wet, nonconductive, or not solid samples

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84

NO LIVING ORGANISMS

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85

Requires vacuum

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86

Uses electron detector to detect electrons and form an image

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87

AFM

atomic force microscope, type of scanning probe microscopy. Information gathered by 'feeling/ touching' surface with probe.

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88

AFM pros

Three major abilities: force measurement, topographic imaging, manipulation of samples

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89

Width of tip in micro scale

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90

Samples used do not need any special preparation, does not require a vacuum, can image biological samples

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