HIBE Midterm

virus Vaccine

uses part of/weakened virus to stimulate host cells

Protein-Based Vaccine

uses genetic engineered proteins to help the body recognize proteins on an antigen

Nucleic acid Vaccine

uses mRNA/DNA that code for antigen proteins to trigger immune response

Muscular System Fuctions

Locomotion

Posture maintenance

Stabilize joints

Produce heat when contracted

muscles can...

contract

extend

return to original shape

Smooth muscle location

digestive tract

Smooth muscle characteristics

no striations

spindle-shaped cells

SINGLE nucleus

involuntary

Cardiac muscle location

heart

Cardiac muscle characteristics

striations

SINGLE nucleus

involuntary

cells join to each other at intercalated disc

Skeletal muscle location

everywhere around bones

Skeletal muscle characteristics

mostly attached to tendons and bones

MULTIPLE nuclei

striated

voluntary

cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

how do muscles attach?

Origin - attachment to an immoveable bone

AND

Insertion - attachment to a movable bone

where do muscles attach?

Bones

Cartilages

Connective tissue coverings

What are muscles covered with?

Endomysium - around single muscle fiber

Perimysium - around a bundle of fibers

Epimysium - covers the entire skeletal muscle

Fascia - on the outside of the epimysium

What happens when muscles contract?

They get shorter by Myosin using ATP to pull Actin closer to each other. The more contracted muscle causes the angle between the joint to lessen.

Agonist (primary movers)

Large muscles meant to create a large amount of force

Antagonist

Muscles which relax to allow another muscle to contract to help ensure that the prime movers are not over extending.

Fixators

A muscle which stabilizes the origin of a prime mover, allows the agonist to function properly.

Synergist

Muscles that aides a prime mover and helps prevent rotation

rectus

straight

maximus

largest

triceps

three heads

sterno

on the sternum

deltoid

triangular

flexor and extensor

flexes or extends a bone

myo- & mys-

muscle

sarco-

flesh

Flexion

decreasing the angle between two adjacent body parts

Extension

increasing the angle between two adjacent body parts

Rotation

the bone distal to the joint is moved towards or away from the midline

Abduction

the movement of a body part away from the midline

Adduction

the movement of a body part back toward the midline

Circumduction

a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (windmilling the arms)

Skeletal System functions

Support and protection

Body movement

Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis in bone marrow)

Storage of inorganic materials

Axial Skeleton

spine & head

Appendicular Skeleton

limbs

Synarthrotic Joints

Non-moveable joints (sutures)

Sub Joint

Fibrous joints

Amphiarthrotic

Slightly moveable joints

Sub Joint

Cartilaginous joints

Diarthrotic

Moveable joints

Sub Joint

Synovial joints

spiral bone fractures

Caused by twisting force

Transverse bone fractures

Caused by bending force

Comminuted

Caused by impact force

Cobbs Angles

the maximum distance from straight a scoliotic curve may be

How to draw & measure a Cobb angle

Draw an endplate line between the two intersections of the end vertebra endplate and lateral margins on the film or a straight line drawn between the upper tangent of pedicles' eyes in the same vertebra.

Measure the rectangle angle of the upper endplate line to draw the vertical line, and measure the rectangle angle of the lower endplate line to draw the vertical line.

Measure the included angle between two vertical lines

Top vertebrate

atlas

The second vertebrate

axis

Kyphosis

vertebra bending out

lordosis

vertebra bending in

SEM

scanning electron microscope, uses focused beam of electrons to create magnified images of samples

SEM cons

Can not image wet, nonconductive, or not solid samples

NO LIVING ORGANISMS

Requires vacuum

Uses electron detector to detect electrons and form an image

AFM

atomic force microscope, type of scanning probe microscopy. Information gathered by 'feeling/ touching' surface with probe.

AFM pros

Three major abilities: force measurement, topographic imaging, manipulation of samples

Width of tip in micro scale

Samples used do not need any special preparation, does not require a vacuum, can image biological samples