Physical education unit 3 aos 2

maximal exercise

physical exercise performed at the highest possible intensity. eg sprinting

submaximal exercise

physical activity that is not performed at the highest possible intensity. Eg jogging or walking

carbohydrates

the body’s preferred source fuel during exercise.

glucose

carbohydates in the blood stream

glycogen

carbohydrates stored in the liver/ muscles.

fats

the bodies main source of fuel at rest and during prolonged sub-maximal exercise once glycogen stores are depleted. aka lipids/ triglycerides.

free fatty acids

fats in the blood.

adipose tissue

fats stored in the body.

oxygen demand

the amount of oxygen required by the body at any given time.

oxygen availability

the amount of oxygen available to be used by the muscles at a given time.

protein

mainly used for growth and repair, but can contribute to energy when carbohydates and fat stores are depleted.

amino acids

proteins transported in the blood

phosphocreatine

a chemical fuel produced naturally within the body and stored in muscles for use.

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

a chemical compound made up of one adenosine and three phosphates. ATP provides energy for all muscular contractions.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A chemical compount made up of one adenosine and two phosphate. ADP reforms back into ATP when it is rejoined with an inorganic phosphate via the energy systems.

Pyruvic acid

molecules produced as a direct result of glucose being broken down. in presence of oxygen, it contributes to non fatiguing by products like CO2, H2O, heat. Without sufficient oxygen, it contributes to fatiguing by products such as hydrogen ions (H+) and ADP.

Aerobic glycolysis

breakdown of glycogen using oxygen. Pyruvic acid is then converted into non fatiguing by products.

anaerobic glycolysis

when glycogen is broken down in order to reform ATP without using oxygen.

ATP-PC system

reforms ATP via the breakdown of the chemical fuel phosphocreatine (PC or CP) stored in the muslce. It does not require oxygen thus is an anaerobic system.

metabolic by-products

fatiguing by-products that accumulate rapidly in the muscles when using anaerobic systems.

anaerobic glycolysis system

reforms ATP via the breakdown of carbohydrates (glycogen) without the use of oxygen.

lactate

a substance which rapidly accumulates in the blood during anaerobic glycolysis. It does not cause fatigue, but it accumulates at the same rate as metabolic by-products that do cause fatigue

hydrogen ions (H+)

A metabolic by-product which accumulates in the muscles during anaerobic glycolysis, reducing muscle acidity and inhibiting contractions. (hydrogen ion accumulation is the most significant cause of fatigue of any energy systems.

Lactate inflection point (LIP)

The highest exercise intensity where lactate is being produced at the same rate it is being removed.

Aerobic system

reforms ATP via the breakdown of food fuels using oxygen.

Aerobic lipolysis

The breakdown of fats using oxygen.

interplay

The way in which the three energy systems work together and contribute to energy production.

ATP-PC fuel

phosphocreatine (PC, CP)

Fuel for Anaerobic glycolysis system

Glycogen (carbs)

fuel for Aerobic system

Fats (lipids) - preferred source at rest

Glycogen (carbs)- preferred source at sub maximal intensity

Protein - extreme circumstances when other stores are depleted

intensity of activity when ATP-PC system is used

High intensity 95+% max HR.

intensity of exercise where anaerobic glycolysis system is used

high intensity (85+% max HR)

intensity of activity when aerobic system is used

resting

Submaximal intensity (less than 85% max HR)

what duration is ATP-PC system, Anaerobic glycolysis system and aerobic system each most utilized?

ATP-PC - short duration (1-5 sec)

Anaerobic glycolysis -Intermediate duration (5 - 60 seconds)

Aerobic system - long duration (75 secs onwards)

speed of ATP produced by each energy system

ATP-PC - instant

Anaerobic glycolysis - Fast

Aerobic - medium

By-products for ATP-PC system

Metabolic by-products (inorganic phosphates, ADP)

By products for Anaerobic glycolysis system

fatiguing Metabolic by products- (hydrogen ions (H+), ADP)

Non fatiguing by-products- lactate.

By products for aerobic system

Non-fatiguing

CO2 (carbon dioxide)

H20 (water)

Heat

explain why ATP molecules need to be continually reformed/ resynthesised

Muscles store only enough ATP for 1–2 seconds of maximal effort. To sustain movement, the body must continuously resynthesise ATP using energy systems that convert fuels like phosphocreatine, carbohydrates, and fats into usable energy.

outline the difference between the aerobic/anaerobic glycolysis processes, including references to pyruvic acid.

glycolysis is the process of glycogen being broken down for energy. Aerobic glycolysis is breaking down glycogen in the presence of oxygen, following this breakdown of glycogen, glucose is broken down and pyruvic acid is created as a result. In aerobic glycolysis this pyruvic acid results in non fatiguing by products whereas in the case of Anaerobic glycolysis this process occurs without the presence of oxygen and the pyruvic acid is broken down into fatiguing by products such as hydrogen ions and Adenosine diphosphate.