Sociology Demographic changes

What is family

A social group characterised by common residence economic cooperation and reproduction

Functions family provides according to Murdock

Sexual

Reproductive

Economic

Educational

Types of households and explain them

Nuclear family(one adult, one females d children) extended family = 3 generations in home

Horizontal extended= relatives of same generation brothers and wives

Lone parenthood

Reconstituted family/ step families= new family made after divorce

Gay/ lesbian family

Empty nest family= originally nuclear but children are grown and moved out

Types of marriages

Monogamy= one partners

Arranged marriages

Polygamy= having more than one parthner

Polygyny= man can have more than one wife

Polyandry= woman can have more that one husband

What is fictive kin

Including people as family’s though not blood related

Weeks about gays creating family

Calls it a friendship as kinship

Tipper and children’s view of family

Kids include pets as part of family and can somethings be a substitute of children

Research methods 2

The census

Office for national statistics

Birth rate

Amount of live births per thousand of population

Reasons for decline in birth rate( changes in position of women) 4

• 1970 equal pay act

• 1975 sex discrimination act

• Same equalities as men

• Easier access to divorce

Harper reason for decline in birth rate

Due to changes in of curriculum as there’s change of mindset and want to be academically siccessful

Decline in birth rate ( decline in imr) harper

Says less babies are dieing so parents have less kids to replace the dead imfamts

Decline in birth rate( children’s are ecompnomic liabilities)

Child labour acts means kids can’t contribute to households so parents spend more money on them.

Decline in birth rate ( child cemtredness ) pilcher

Society places more importance on children and care more about them and parents want to spend quality time with them so haven’t less kids

Fertility rate

Average number of children that women have in their fertile years

Effects of changes to birth and fertility rates

• fall in family sizes so more dual earners

• Increase in burden of dependency( so more bean pole families due to increase in ageing population

Feminists believe to decline in fertility rate

Means that women are begging it take control and women are rejecting patriarchal nuclear families.

Infant mortality rate/ imr

Number of infants that die nbrefore their first birthday

Reasons for decline in imr in first half 20th century (3)

• improved housing conditions and better sanitation

• Better food and living conditions

• Better understanding of link between diseases and lack of hygiene

Decline in imr in second 20th century

• improved healthcare and better nhs system

• Mass immunisation

• Medical advances antibiotics

Family size according to beck and gernshiem

Claims society is more individualistic and less pressure to follow traditional norms and values increase in secularisation

Death rate

Has fallen since 1900

Reasons for changes in death rate (4)

• Mckeon argues people’s natural resistance has increased

• Tranter due to fall in infectious disease

• Harper less people smoking

• Public health measures= clean air act(4000) deaths prevented and pasteurisation o fmilk

Life expectancy

How long expected to live

Gender differences with life expectancy reasons

Woman live longer due to men working physical labour jobs

Smoke more

And have bad eating habits

Evaluations for gender differences with life expectations

White people still live longer than minor ethnicities and if you live in Blackpool as a man you can die seven year earlier than a man that lives in surrey

Ageing population

Way in which average age of uk population is rising

Effects of an ageing population

• older people use more nhs services

• More bean pole families

• Increase in dependency ratio

What is bean pole family

Multi generational family with few aunts, uncles and grandparents

Hirsh ways to adapt to population change

• adopt more positive attitude to elderly

• Change in housing policy to encourage older people to trade down to small home.

Consequences of ageing population

Increase in dependency ratio( non working old are economically dependent who need to be provided for by the working group)

Social construction of ageing is seem as negative (gritthins reports) looks at problem of meeting high costs of elderly

Sandwich/ pivot generation

Middle aged adults caring for elderly parents and their own kids

Finch and mason pivot generation

Argue that women are mostly exploited as they are likely for work part time to cater to children

Philipson argue about aging population

They are no of se to capitalism as they are no longer productive

Blaike positive aging population

Increase economic impact of grey pound(old people still buying things which boost economy)

Migration

Movement of people from place to place

Immigration

Emigration

Net migration

• movement into an area or country

• Movement out of an area or country

• Difference between numbers migrating and emigrating

Internal migration

Loss of people due to wanting better jobs

Reasons for migration (3)

• legislation and border control

• Globalisation(world getting smaller)

• Push and pull factors