Biology Final Boss

What is biological “evolution?”

The change in heritable characteristics of a populations over generations driven by genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms like natural selection and genetic drift, resulting in the diversity and adaptation of living organisms

What is Darwins theory of evolution? Name and describe it.

Organisms in a population vary their traits, Some Variations provide advantages for survival and reproduction, Individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and pass those traits on, Over long periods, this process leads to adaptation and the evolution of new species

What are some different pieces of evidence for the belief in the theory of evolution?

Fossil Record, Comparative Anatomy, Genetic and Molecular biology, Biogeography, Direct Observation, Developmental Biology

What is a fossil?

Any preserved remains, impressions or trace of a once-living organism from a past geological age such as bones, shells, exoskeleton, imprints or traces like footprints and burrows.

Name and describe the different kinds of fossils found in nature.

Body fossils preserved remains, mold and casts were impressions, and trace fossils were activity traces.

How old is the earth though to be (by scientists)? How do they know this

Scientists estimate the earth is about 4.5 Billion years old. The age is determined primarily through radiometric dating.

What is a mutation?

A change in the DNA sequence of an organism

How do mutations account for living things having changed over time?

This variation is crucial for evolution as it introduces new traits that natural selection can act upon.

What are the 7 levels of biological Hierarchy used in taxonomy?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What determines where scientists will put an organism?

Scientists classify organisms by comparing their physical and genetic traits to determine their relationship and place them in the appropriate group.

What is (1) of the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates, and what is the advancement that each group shows?

Agnatha - Jawless filter feeders.

What is (2) of the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates, and what is the advancement that each group shows?

Gnathostomata - Jawed Predators

What is (3) of the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates, and what is the advancement that each group shows?

Sarcopterygii - Limb precursors

What is (4) of the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates, and what is the advancement that the group shows?

Amphibians - Pioneered land life

What is (5) of the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates, and what is the advancement that each group shows?

Reptiles - Mastered terrestrial reproduction

What is (6) of the evolutionary sequence of vertebrates, and what is the advancement that each group shows?

Mammals - Refined warmth, intelligence, and parental care

How would “HOMO SAPIENS” be written properly in Linnaeus’ binomial nomenclature?

Genus (Homo) capitalized, Species (sapiens) lower case, Name italicised or underlined

What is an Australopithecus?

A genus of early hominins that lived in Africa about 4.2 to 2 million years ago.

What is a primate?

A member of the mammalian order Primates, which includes lemurs, monkeys, apes and humans

What is Homo erectus?

An extinct human species that lived about 1.9 million to 117,000 years ago.

What is a neanderthal?

Close relatives to modern humans that lived from about 400,000 to 40,000 years ago.

How do these organisms tell the story of human evolution?

Shows the the transitions from ape like ancestors to modern humans through changes in walking, brain sizes, tool use, and culture.

What is a homologous structure? Give an example.

Features in different organisms that come from a shared ancestor, showing even when functions differ. An example is the similar bone structure the limbs of humans, whales and bats.

What is a vestigial structure? Give and example.

Evolutionary remnants that have lost their original use, such as the human appendix or pelvic bones in snakes.

What is the least complex kingdom? Describe it and give several examples of each

Archaea - Single celled, prokaryotic: live in extreme environments (Hot Springs and Salt Lakes). Includes Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermophiles

What is the second least complex kingdom? Describe it and give several examples of each

Bacteria - Single celled, prokaryotic: found everywhere, some beneficial, some cause disease. Include E. coli, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus.

What is the third least complex kingdom? Describe it and give several examples of each,

Protists - Mostly single-celled eukaryotic: diverse group, “catch all” kingdom. Includes amoeba, paramecium, algae, and slime molds.

What is the third most complex kingdom? Describe it and give several examples of each

Fungi - Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic; absorb nutrients, cell walls of chitin. Includes yeast, mold, mushrooms

What is the second most complex kingdom? Describe it and give several examples of each

Plants - Multicellular, eukaryotic: make their own food via photosynthesis, cell walls of cellulose. Includes moss, fern, pine cones, rose, and oak.

What is the most complex kingdom? Describe it and give several examples of each

Animalia - Multicellular, eukaryotic: ingest food, no cell walls, most can move. Includes sponges, worms, incests, fishes, birds and humans.

Name the 2 kingdoms that contain prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

How do you (and your doctor) treat a bacterial infection.

Antibiotics.

How do you (and your doctor) treat a viral infection.

Waiting it out.

Why aren’t viruses considered living things?

They are not cells, have no metabolism, and cannot reproduce independently (they can only. multiply by hijacking living cells)

Name come environments where prokaryotes are found.

Soil, water, extreme environments, inside living organisms, artificial environments.

How is the effectiveness of an antibiotic tested in a lab?

A bacteria is placed on an agar plate. and tablets of different antibiotics are places. After incubation, scientists measure the zone of inhibition and weather it looks clear or not to see which one is effective.

How can an object be sterilized to kill all bacteria on it?

High heat, radiation, and chemicals depending on the object and way it is applied.

What is the difference between a vertebrate and an invertebrate?

Vertebrates have a backbone and internal skeleton. Invertebrates lack a backbone and may and an exoskeleton or stof body.