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True or false: The dev of the AP and PD axes are coordinated
true
When there are low levels of FGF is a positive or negative feedback loop established?
positive
When there are high levels of FGF is a positive or negative feedback loop established?
negative
What axis does Shh specify?
AP
What axis does FGF specify?
PD
When there is low FGF is Shh stimulated or inhibted?
stimulated
When Shh activates Grem1 what does that stimulate low or high FGF?
low
How does the activation of Grem1 inhibit FGF?
by inhibiting BMP
Where is Shh located?
ZPA
Where is FGF located?
AER
True or false: This is the positive feedback loop between the AP and PD axes
Low FGF—>Shh—>Grem1—IBMP—>FGF
true
Does high levelws of FGF activate or inhibit BMP?
activate
True or false: When there are high levels of FGF Grem1 is activated.
false
True or false: When there are low levels of FGF is a positive or negative feedback loop established?
postive
True or false: When there are high levels of FGF is a positive or negative feedback loop established?
negative
How does gremlin lead to low levels of FGF?
by inhibiting BMP
When there are high levels of FGF is BMP activated or inhibited?
activated
High levels of FGF leads to the inhibition or activation of gremlin?
inhibition
True or false: BMP inhibition of FGFs leads to loss of AER and ZPA
true
When BMP is activated what happens to limb development?
it ends
What does AER stand for?
Apical ectodermal ridge
What is the progress zone composed of?
mesenchyme and AER
True or false: Inhibition of gremlin activates BMP and inhibits FGFs.
true
What end is the growing tip of limbs located?
distal end
What end is RA located?
proximal
What end is FGF located?
distal
What does RA activates that leads to the development of the humerus in the arm/wing?
meis
At intermediate levels of FGF what hox gene is activated?
hox 11
What does hox 1 lead to the development of ?
the radisu and ulna
What hox gene does high levels of FGF activate?
hox 13
What does hox 13 lead to the development of?
carpals/digits
In an early stage limb bud when a later stage progress zone is grafted what happens?
graft produced distal structures immediately and are missing the ulna and radius
When a later stage progress zone is grafted why does it lead to the development of distal structures?
Because FGF levels are high
High levels of FGF leads to the development of what structures?
distal structures
Low levels of FGF leads to the development of what levels?
proximal structures
In a later stage limb bud when a early stage progress zone was drafted what happened?
graft produced duplicated proximal structures (radius and ulna)
When a early stage progress zone is grafted what does it lead to duplicated proximal structures?
because there are lower levels of FGF
When there are high levels of FGF that inhibits gremlin and activates BMP which leads to what?
end of limb growth
In the dev of PD axis where is FGF located?
distal end
In the development of the AP axis where is Shh located?
posterior
True or false: BMP shuts down AER, ZPA and Wnt7a along the DV axis?
true
When BMP shuts down AER, ZPA and Wnt7a along the DV axis what happens?
end of limb patterning
True or false: BMP, Wnt/B-catenin, and FGF all play a role in apoptosis.
true
BMP, Wnt/B-catenin, and FGF all activate what?
Dkk-1
What does the activation of Dkk-1 lead to?
apoptosis
True or false: Dkk-1 is a antagonist of Wnt
true
True or false: Pattern formation involves coordination of different axes and specification.
true
True or false: This is the pathway to apoptosis in C.elegans
EGL-1—ICED-9—ICED-4—>CED-3—>apoptosis
true
True or false: This is the pathway leading to apoptosis in mammals.
BAD—IBcl2—IApaf-1—>Caspases—>apoptosis
true
What is BAD?
a Bcl2 associated death promoter
What are two ways to control the number of cells?
apoptosis or death of damaged cells
