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Cell Cycle
The series of phases that a cell goes through from its formation to its division into two daughter cells.
Limiting Factor of Cell Size
Key factors such as surface area to volume ratio that restrict the physical size of a cell.
Surface Area and Volume Relationship
As a cell increases in size, its volume grows faster than its surface area, leading to inefficiency in transport and metabolism.
Stages of the Cell Cycle
There are four main stages: G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2), and M (Mitosis).
Longest Phase of Cell Cycle
Interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle.
Stages of Interphase
Interphase consists of G1 phase (cell growth), S phase (DNA synthesis), and G2 phase (preparation for mitosis).
Chromosomes vs Chromatin vs Chromatids vs Sister Chromatids
Chromosomes are tightly coiled DNA during cell division, chromatin is relaxed DNA in interphase, chromatids are duplicated chromosomes, and sister chromatids are identical copies joined at the centromere.
Prokaryotic Division
Prokaryotes divide by binary fission, a simple form of asexual reproduction.
Mitosis
The process of cell division where one cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
Stages of Mitosis
Mitosis consists of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Prophase
The stage where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase
The stage where chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.
Anaphase
The stage where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase
The stage where the nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, and they begin to de-condense.
Centrioles
Cylindrical structures that help organize spindle fibers during cell division.
Spindle Fibers
Protein structures that help separate chromosomes during mitosis.
Centromeres
The region on a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.
Spindle Apparatus
The entire structure made up of spindle fibers, centrioles, and other proteins that assists in cell division.
Longest Phase of Mitosis
Prophase is considered the longest phase of mitosis.
Shortest Phase of Mitosis
Anaphase is usually the shortest phase of mitosis.
Cytokinesis
The process that divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis Mechanism in Animal Cells
In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow.
Cytokinesis Mechanism in Plant Cells
In plant cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cell plate.
Cell Cycle Regulation
Cell cycle regulation is accomplished by various proteins, including cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
CDK (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase)
A protein that, when activated by cyclins, regulates the progression through the cell cycle.
Uncontrolled Cell Growth
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
Carcinogens
Substances or factors that can cause cancer by inducing mutations in DNA.
Factors Leading to Cancer
Factors include genetic mutations, lifestyle choices, environmental exposure, and infections.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death that occurs in a regulated manner to maintain health, often in response to damage or stress.
