Comprehensive Criminology Reviewer Flashcards

A full set of vocabulary flashcards covering Criminology theories, ethics, research, leadership, law enforcement, and forensic sciences as detailed in the notes.

Opportunity Theory

Argued that involvement in criminal activities is increased when women have different opportunities; if female opportunity, efficiency and social communication are increased, then the rate of criminality increases accordingly.

Critical Feminist Theory

Holds that criminality among women is the result of gender inequality characterized by male supremacy and the effort of the male to control female sexuality.

Theory of Masculinity

Argued that women are involved in crime due to increasing participation in social movements which changed female roles in family and increased feelings of independence in work and thought.

Marginalization Theory

States that women are motivated to commit crime as a rational response to poverty and economic uncertainty that they perceive.

Theory of Penis Envy

Proposes by Sigmund Freud that very young girls feel deprived and envious that they do not have a penis.

Life Course Theory

A dynamic process influenced by individual characteristics and social experiences, where factors causing antisocial behaviors change dramatically over a person’s life span.

Power Control Theory

Suggests that class influences delinquency and criminality by controlling the quality of family life.

Eros

The most basic human drive present at birth, defined as the instinct to create and preserve life.

Endomorph

Focused on the digestive system (stomach), has a tendency toward plumpness, and corresponds to Viscerotonia temperament (tolerant, love of comfort, extravert).

Habitual Criminals

Those who, within a period of $10$ years from the date of release or last conviction of specific crimes, are found guilty of any of said crimes a $3^{rd}$ time.

Dishonesty

The concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a fact relevant to one's office or connected with the performance of duties.

Malfeasance

The doing, through ignorance, inattention, or malice, of that which the officer had no legal right to do at all, including acting without authority or abusing powers.

Misfeasance

Also known as irregularities in the performance of a duty; the improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done or performing a lawful act in an unlawfully negligent manner.

Nonfeasance

Also known as neglect of duty; the omission or refusal without sufficient excuse to perform an act or duty which is a peace officer's legal obligation.

Delicadeza

The moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with time-honored standards.

Juvenile Justice and Welfare System

A system dealing with children at risk (CAR) and children in conflict with the law (CICL) providing child-appropriate proceedings, including prevention, diversion, and rehabilitation.

Republic Act No. $9344$

The law governing the Juvenile Justice and Welfare System, specifically referring to the Child in Conflict with the Law.

Diversion

An alternative, child-appropriate process of determining responsibility and managing a child in conflict with the law without resorting to formal court proceedings.

Emancipation

The release of a person from parental authority whereby they become capacitated for civil rights.

Descriptive Correlational Method

Used to determine whether a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable variables and to what extent or degree.

Phenomenological Research

Investigates everyday experiences of humans while suspending preconceived assumptions to gain insights into how people understand lived experiences.

Crisis

A period of disorganization or upset during which people attempt at arriving at a solution of problems.

Incident Command System

A standardized on-scene, all-hazard incident management concept.

Evolutionary Theory

Explains aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution that allowed bearers to reproduce disproportionately.

Routine Activity Theory

Focused on the crime target or anything an offender wants to take control of, such as a house to break into or a bottle of beer to shoplift.

Mens Rea

Refers to a criminal intent or a guilty state of mind.

Hostile (Expressive) Aggression

Occurs in response to anger-inducing conditions, such as a real or perceived insult.

Recidivist Criminals

Those who, at the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment of another crime under the same title of the Revised Penal Code.

Misconduct

A generally premeditated, obstinate, or intentional purpose.

Child Abuse

Maltreatment, habitual or not, including psychological/physical abuse, neglect, cruelty, and exploitation resulting in harm to health, survival, or dignity.

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A sudden whiplash motion causing bleeding inside the head and increased pressure on the brain, resulting in injury to the baby.

Kinship System

Human relations based on biological descent and marriage, founded on social differences and cultural creations.

Juvenile Delinquency

Participation by a minor child, usually between the ages of $10$ and $17$, in illegal behavior or activities.

Legitimated

Children conceived and born outside wedlock of parents who are not disqualified by any impediment to marry each other.

Authoritative Parents

Parents who are both demanding and responsive, using a style characterized by propagative parenting and concerted cultivation.

Indulgent Parents

Parents who are responsive but not demanding.

Liberal Nationalism

A form of nationalism compatible with values of liberty, claiming that democracies need national identity to function properly.

Self-leadership

Considered as the first level or stage of leadership.

Laissez-faire Leadership

A hands-off leadership approach summarized by the phrase "Leave it be."

Money Laundering

A cycle of transactions (placement, layering, and integration) wherein proceeds of criminal activity are converted into funds with an apparent legal source.

Koban System

Sub-stations near commercial and residential districts in Japan serving as a first line of police response.

Kempeitai

The Japanese Military Police that took the peace and order task at the outbreak of World War II.

Police Power

The inherent power of the state to restrain and regulate the use of liberty and property for the comfort, safety, and welfare of society.

Power of Eminent Domain

The inherent right of the State to expropriate private property for public purpose upon payment of just compensation.

Police Blotter

An $18 \times 12$ logbook with a hard bound cover containing the daily register of all crimes incident reports.

Top Guard

An additional overhang of barbed wire on vertical perimeter fences placed at a $45$-degree angle with $3$ to $4$ strands.

Official Patriotism

Patriotism promoted by the government with high symbolic content, such as singing the national anthem.

Scalar Principle

Shows the vertical hierarchy of the organization defining an unbroken chain of units and the explicit flow of authority.

Unity of Command

A principle requiring that every employee should be under the direct supervision of only one manager.

Police Operational Planning

The act of determining policies and guidelines for activities including strategies, tactics, and procedures providing safeguards.

Mitigated

A potential hazard that has been identified, but actions have been taken to ensure it does not become an incident.

Criminal Law

The branch of public law that defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their punishment.

Burden of Proof

The principle that the government must prove "beyond reasonable doubt" that a suspect committed a crime.

International Humanitarian Law

The law of armed conflict or law of war protecting persons not participating in hostilities and limiting methods of warfare.

Ex Post Facto Law

A law which makes an action done before the passage of the law criminal, even if it was innocent when done.

French Rule

States that crimes committed aboard a foreign merchant vessel are not triable in host courts unless they affect the peace and security of the territory.

English Rule

States that crimes committed aboard a foreign merchant vessel are triable in the host country unless they merely affect internal management of the vessel.

Mutiny

Unlawful resistance to a superior officer or raising commotion on board a ship against the commander's authority.

Pardon

An act of grace by a head of state for the purpose of exempting an individual from punishment imposed by a court.

Special Time Allowance

A deduction of sentence granted to prisoners who evade service during calamities but give themselves up within $48$ hours of a proclamation.

Death from Asphyxia

Death where the supply of oxygen to the blood or tissues is reduced below normal working levels.

Rigor Mortis

The stiffening of the muscles that happens after death.

Pallor Mortis

The first stage of death characterized by the pale color of the skin.

Skidmarks

Marks left on the road by tires that are not moving because the brakes are applied strongly enough to lock the wheels.

Minimum speed (trucks/buses)

The value of $80$\text{ KMS./HR.}$$ in open country roads with no blind corners.

Police Blotter Excerpt

A verbatim copy of an entry, meaning it should be copied word for word without correcting grammar or mistakes.

Macrophotography

The process of obtaining a magnified photograph of a small object without a microscope using a short focus lens.

Poroscopy

The science of identification by means of pores.

Chiroscopy

Papillary ridges identification based on the palms of the hands.

Podoscopy

The examination of the soles of the human foot for personal identification.

Anthropometry

A means of identification developed by Alphonse Bertillon based on body measurements.

Questioned Document

A document where the source of authenticity of the material is disputed.

Kymograph

A device used under a recording pen simultaneously at a rate of $6$ or $12\text{ inches}$ per minute.

Trace Evidence

Microscopic materials found at a crime scene, such as hair, blood, glass particles, or fiber.

Forensic Chemistry

The branch dealing with the application of chemical theories and principles in the solution of legal problems.