History of Microbiology: Microbiology Then and Now

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

Supports spontaneous generation anomalous; obsolete body of thought

Abiogenesis

is a scientific theory which states that life arose on Earth via spontaneous natural means due to conditions present at the time. In other words, life came from non-living matter

Miller-Urey Experiment (1952)

Abiogenesis is from the experiment of

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)

- traced the link between environment and disease- “diseases were not punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits”

Hippocrates

Our food should be our medicine and our medicine should be our food

Thucydides

“ The secret to happiness is freedom.. And the secret to freedom is courage.”

Thucydides (460-404 B.C.)

Greek historian; has developed an immunity against plague

Goddess Gaea (Goddess of Earth)

one of the primordial deities; creates people from stones

Jan Baptista van Helmont

believes that rats came from rags; known for his recipe for the appearance of mice

Robert Hooke (1665)

- Micrographia; coined the term “cella”

Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

“ Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology”

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723), a Dutch student of natural history whose hobby was making microscope, is shown here with lf of the more than 250 microscopes that he made.

His best lenses were capable of magnifications up to x270, and he was the first person to report descriptions of microorganisms in detail.

Roger Bacon (1220-1292)

believed that disease is produced by invisible living creatures

Girolamo Fracastoro (1493-1553)

“germs of contagion”

Rodolf Virchow (1858)

supports biogenesis

Matthias Schleiden

Theodore Schwann

Rudolf Virchow

Scientists who made perceptions about cell theory

Matthias Schleiden

all plants are made of cells

Theodore Schwann

all animals are made of cells

Rudolf Virchow

all cells came from pre- existing cells

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

-born in Arezzo (Tuscany, Italy)

-the “ founder of experimental biology”

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

“Father of Modern Parasitology“

Francesco Redi (1626-1697)

described over hundred species of parasites

(helminthes, mites, insects)

Francisco Redmi:

Fasciola hepatica and Ascaris lumbricoides.

He was also the first to recognize and correctly

describe details of about 180 parasites,

including

Francisco Redi (1626- 1697)

He also distinguished earthworms from helminthes

Francesco Redi

Italian Physician and poet; made the first serious attack on the idea of spontaneous generation

John Needham (1713-1781)

“life force” causes microorganisms to appear

John Needham (1745)

Heated infusion of chicken broth and corn, poured into covered “ clean” flasks

Soon contaminated (turbid)

Said could only be due to spontaneous generation

John Needham 1749

Observations upon the generation, composition and decomposition of animal and vegetable substances

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

contradicted Needham’s experiment

Edward Jenner (1798)

introduces vaccination or immunization

Edward Jenner

I hope that some day the practice of producing cowpox in human beings will spread over the world- when that day comes, there will be no more smallpox

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Who is the scientist used rabbit and chicken on his experiments?

Franz Schulze (1815-1873) and Theodor Schwann (1810- 1882)

air sterilized in flames

Heinrich Schroder and Theodor von Dusch (1850)

filtered the air entering the cultured flask through cotton

Schwann

heat-sterilized the air which flowed through

the glass tube to his culture flask

Pasteur

Simple goose necked flask were devised by

Tyndall

constructed a dust- free incubation chamber

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818- 1865)

among the first to correlate hand washing with the prevention of disease spread; uses chlorinated lime water

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (July 1, 1818- August 13, 1865)

A Hungarian physician, in Vienna General Hospital, now known as the “ savior of mothers”

Semmelweis

Puerperal fever was common in mid-19th century hospital and often fatal, with mortality at 10%- 35%.

He discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be drastically reduced with the use of chlorinated lime solutions in obstetrics clinics (1847)

John Snow (1813- 1858)

correlated the spread of cholera in Broad St. London

1854- 1914

The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology

Florence Nightingale (1820- 1914)

organizes hospitals which minimizes cross infection

Florence nightingale

founded many Schools of Nursing to provide sound theoretical and practical basis in the training of nurses to care for the sick.

Florence nightingale

She was the first to stress on following aseptic precautions while caring for the patient.

Do the Patient no Harm

Florence nightingale favorite dietum was

John Tyndall (August 2,1820–December 4, 1893)

Fractional sterilization ( steam at atmospheric pressure)

Tyndallization

Intermittent sterilization

John Tyndall

developed Fractional Sterilization to kill spores

Tyndallization

( Stop-Start Sterilization or Fractional Sterilization)

Steam heating

Second heat treatment

(100 degree C for 30 minutes)

Incubate overnight

Second Incubation overnight

30-37 degree C

Third heat treatment

100 degree C for 60 mins

a. Steam heating (1000C for 30 minutes)

b. Incubate overnight (30-370C)

c. Second heat treatment (1000C for 30 mins.)

d. Second Incubation overnight (30-370C)

e. Third heat treatment (1000C for 60 mins.)

Tyndallization process

Swan- necked flask

Pasteur’s Set- up

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Father of Microbiology

Intstitut Pasteur

Paris, France

Where does Pasteur did his experiment and where can we find his things he used?

Edward Buchner (1860-1917)

demonstrated acellular fermentatidemonstrated acellular fermentation

Joseph Lister (1860’s)

“Father of Antisepsis”

- introduced the principles of sterile surgery in his practice; uses carbolic acid

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

“Father of Microbiological Laboratory”

- verified the germ theory of disease

Koch’s Postulates

1. The “suspected causative agent” must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy hosts.

2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.

3. When the agent is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.

4. The same agent must be re-isolated from the diseased experimental host

Practical and Ethical Limits of Koch’s Postulates

1. Some MQS have unique culture requirements.

2. The use of alternative methods of culturing and detecting certain MQS.

3. Some infectious diseases are not as clear cut.

4. Human host exhibits certain signs and symptoms that are associated with certain pathogen and its disease.

5. Other infectious diseases have poorly defined etiologies.

6. Some pathogens can cause several diseases.

7. Ethical considerations.

Hans Christian Gram

introduces the gram staining procedure

(1943-1970)

The Second Golden Age of Microbiology

1932

invention of electron microscopes

1940’s

birth of molecular genetics

1929,1941

antibiotic cures diseases

Paul Ehrlich (1910)

first to synthesized Salvarsan “magic bullets”

Gerhard Domagk (1932)

discovered Sulfonamides

Selman Walksman

coined the term “antibiotic”

Stockholm, Sweden

Place where Alexander Fleing made/ discover Penicillin

The Third Golden Age of Microbiology

NOW or The Modern Age

Molecular Biology

“gene sequencing”

Recombinant DNA Technolgt

genetic engineering

Gene Therapy

inserting and repairing a defective gene

a. Antiobiotic Resistance

b. Emerging and are- emerging Infectious Diseases

c. Bioterrorism

Challenges of Microbiology

Antiobiotic Resistance

supermicrobes

Leeuwenhoek

Linnaeus

Semmelweiss Snow

Biologists ( Pre- 1857)

Leeuwenhoek

Bacteriology (bacteria)

Protozoology (protozoa)

Mycology (fungi)

Parasitology (protozoa and

animals)

Phycology (algae)

bacteriology

bacteria

protozoology

Protozoa

Mycology

fungi

Parasitology

Protozoa and animals

Phycology

algae

Linnaeus

Taxonomy

Semmelweiss Snow

Infection control

the Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1907) Biologists

Pasteur

Buchner

Koch

Ivanowski

Beijenrinck/Winogradsky

Gram

Lister/Nightingale

Jenner /von Behring / Kitasato

Ehrlich

Fleming

Pasteur

Pasteurization

Industrial microbiology

Food an beverage technology

Cheese

Alcoholic beverages

Soy sauce

Vinegar

Yogurt

Sour cream

Artificial sweetener

Bread

Some industrial uses of microbes

Cheese

Flavoring and ripening produced by bacteria and fungi; flavors dependent on the source of milk and the type of microorganism

Alcoholic beverages

Alcohol produced by bacteria or yeast by fermentation of sugars in fruit juice or grain

Soy sauce

Produced by fungal fermentation of soybeans

Vinegar

Produced by bacterial fermentation of sugar

Yogurt

Produced by bacteria growing in skim milk

Sour cream

Produced by bacteria growing in cream

Artificial sweetener

Amino acids synthesized by bacteria from sugar

Bread

Rising of dough produced by action of yeast; sourdough results from bacterial-produced acids

Bacteriology

Phycology

Mycology

Protozoology

Parasitology

Virology

Microbe- centered

Microbial metabolism

Microbial genetics

Environmental microbiology

Process- Centered

Bacteriology

Bacteria and archaea

Phycology

Algae