D303 STCE - AP Psychology 2024-25: Unit 2, Memory & Cognition

I use Knowt as an information processing model to form & retrieve memories.

information-processing model

understanding a new Algebraic formula, like b²-4ac…

encode

My brain retains the memorization needed to perform my cello concerto.

store

The certain smell of a room reminds me of a hotel room in Las Vegas.

retrieve

1. learning a new technique in cello; staccato

2. brain processes into short-term memory, where it encodes

3. When I play staccato, my brain retrieves this information from long-term memory.

three stage multi-storage model

I find a man wearing an orange T-shirt in the hallway, nothing significant or much.

sensory memory

knowing a certain password to a site like Amazon, but eventually forgetting it

short-term memory

Being able to solve a linear algebraic equation, such as 3x+2 = 9

long-term memory

Learning a new Cello technique while my brain processes & links this new skill with my current

working memory

my ability to effectively plan my trip to O’Hare by using the two activities:

• Remembering the verbal directions to enter the ‘I-90’ highway

• Creating a mental map to drive there

working memory/central executive

a friend telling me a 4-digit code: 8011

phonological loop

directions to Chicago ORD

visuospatial sketchpad

When the elevator broke down at the Nordstrom in Schamberg

explicit memory

Me playing the Cello and practicing

implicit memory

Juilliard School is one of the best music school’s in the world.

semantic memory

Remembering when I performed at Chicago Symphony Center. what I wore, where I sat, etc.

Episodic Memory

walking onto the stage for my concerto competition performance at a concert hall,I was slightly nervous, but still excited to play for my first competition

Flashbulb memory

Watching the Navy Pier fireworks, my iconic memory captures the sequence of colors + shapes continuously

iconic memory

My name being mentioned in a loud classroom

Echoic memory

A family vacation in Las Vegas when I was 9 with my grandmother, a not extremely vivid memory.

Autobiographical memory

Me being reminded to practice

prospective memory

Playing the Cello requires steps of implicit memories leading to a proficiency in the skill.

Procedural memory

Studying w/ flashcards for a German Test

Effortful Encoding

Memorizing people’s names through institutions, I.e. STCE vs. SCN

Chunking

Method of Loci, peg-word, chunking, acronyms, etc.

Mnemonic devices

Door - the pathway to new opportunities & experiences

Stairs - learning musical scales (nurturing)

peg-word

book of music on top of the bed makes me remember to practice the cello

method of loci

In the textbook, Module headings, learning targets, and CYU features help us process memory in hierarchies.

Hierarchies

Few, frequent sessions of practicing the Cello spread throughout the day

Spacing effect

practicing a piece for hours before your lesson

massed practice

practicing scales 15 minutes a day makes you better when it’s efficient

distributed practice

teaching a cello student a type of technique which will better retrieve my memories.

testing effect

Reading a paragraph of The Three-Body Problem

Shallow encoding (or structural)

Understanding ‘cat’ vs. ‘hat’, ‘tea’ vs. ‘tee’, etc.

Phonemic Encoding (or intermediate)

When playing a piece like Bach, I relate to what I know about the composer’s intent and my knowledge of playing the instrument.

deep encoding (semantic)

Recognizing a friend without looking at [Will’s] physical features.

automatic encoding

I forgot to get my Real ID without repetitively reminding myself daily, you can convey this forgetting concept onto a graph and see the correlation.

forgetting curve

Practicing an instrument repeatedly makes stronger synaptic connections in the brain areas involved in auditory processing and motor skills.

long term potentiation

Thinking of one friend named ‘Eric’ may make me think of several other Erics.

elaborative rehearsal

Repeating the set of new fingerings for ‘Kol Nidrei’ by Max Bruch & telling myself to ‘know them’.

maitenance rehearsal

Relearning a new cello technique compared to the previous one, which may interfere with the retrieval of the new one

proactive interference

Being introduced a parody version of a song such as ‘Let It Be’, forgetting the original lyrics while hearing the parody lyrics.

retroactive interference

Kenny’s brain retrieves a memory of his childhood back when he went on vacation with his family in Las Vegas.

retrieval

Kenny recognizes a familiar set of elevator call buttons, “They’re Otis!”

recognition

Kenny memorizing a cello piece and filling in ‘the gaps’ of the piece when needed

recall

Remembering the name of a tutor named ‘Chris’, but not being able to retrieve the exact quality of the memory.

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Recreating the situation and mood through retrieval cues when performing the cello in a concert hall vs. home (acoustics).

context-dependent memory

Practicing the cello in a relaxed state after a meditation session, and figure I can do this more constantly to retrieve information easily.

state-dependent memory

Knowing the first movement of the Haydn Cello Concerto in C (beginning & ending) well, but not the middle of it…

Serial position effect

The exposition of a piece I know

Primacy effect

the recapitulation of a piece I know

Recency effect

I felt happy while studying for an exam, I’ll be recalling positive & happy memories during a test.

Mood congruent memories

Remembering a modified performance I performed in a concerto piece.

reconsolidation

Thinking I had thought I had done worse in a competition, in reality I performed pretty decently!

imagination inflation

Knowing a certain model train such as a Metra Nippon Sharyo bi-level gallery car, but not knowing where I got this information from.

source amnesia

Playing a ‘flawless’ cello performance, but then doubting when told by my friend that I really did make a mistake in that piece.

Elizabeth Loftus - When displaying two cars crashing into each other, she asks, “At what speed did the cars collide/crash/make contact?” Many answers varied depending on the word she used to phrase the question.

Misinformation effect

An exam taken a long time ago and getting a bad grade on it.

More traumatic memories too, etc.

repression

failing to remember when I first made contact with my little sister, born in 2013.

infantile amnesia

I can’t create new memories, but my procedural memory would most likely still function well and I can play the cello implicitly from memory.

Anterograde amnesia

failing to remember the past rehearsals, dress rehearsals & moments leading up to a concert due to an injury

Retrograde amnesia

Unable to perform day-to-day life which affects my memory, difficulty w/ language, mood, & more.

dementia

Entirely forgetting the important points learned in my cello lesson, a decay of memory.

Alzheimers