ATP

ATP DIAGRAM

SYNTHESIS OF ATP?
WHEN IS IT MADE?

• ADP + an inorganic phosphate.

• Condensation reaction.

• ATP synthase.

• Addition of phosphate = phosphorylation.

• Requires an input of energy from a metabolic process and occurs during respiration.

• Can also be made in photosynthesis using light energy.

WHERE IS USEFUL ENERGY MAINLY STORIED IN ATP??

• Useful energy is mainly stored in the phosphate-phosphate bonds.

WHICH PHOSPHATE-PHOSPHATE BONDS DOES ENERGY GET STORED IN AND WHY?

• Second and third.

• Covalent bonds linking these bonds are highly unstable.

BREAKDOWN OF ATP?

• Easily hydrolyzed by ATP hydrolase due to instable bonds.

• When this occurs an inorganic phosphate ion is removed, energy is released and ATP becomes ADP.

HOW CAN ENERGY FROM ATP BE USED (GENERAL)??

• Metabolism of the cell.

NAME ALL THE PROCESSES FOR WHICH ATP CAN BE USED?

1. Active Transport.

2. Exocytosis.

3. Biosynthesis.

4. Movement Of Muscle Cells - Contraction.

5. Activation Of Other Molecules.

6. Phagocytosis.

7. Mitosis.

8. Maintenance Of Body Temperature.

9. Nerve impulse transmission

ATP IN ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

1. Energy is required to move substances against [gradients] using carrier proteins in plasma membranes.

2. These protein pumps are also ATP hydrolase.

3. They use the energy released from hydrolysis to change shape and pump the molecule.

ATP IN EXOCYTOSIS?

1. Energy is required to make which are membrane-bound sphered synthesizes by the and used to package large molecules prior to secretion from the cells.

2. Energy is also required for the reverse process ( ) used to bring large molecule INTO cells.

ATP IN BIOSYNTHESIS?

Energy is required to make polymers.

ATP IN ACTIVATION OF OTHER MOLECULES?

• Can phosphorylate molecules (by transferring its phosphate group to them).

• Making them more reactive and reducing the activation energy.

ATP AS AN ENERGY SOURCE?

1. Immediate energy source.

2. Not a good long term energy store due to instability of its phosphate bonds.

3. Cells can only store a little for a few seconds.

WHY IS ATP USEFEUL IN MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES?

1. Releases energy is small manageable amounts,

2. Hydrolysis to (ADP +Pi) is a single reaction, energy is available rapidly.

3. Can be reformed.

4. Soluble, can move around inside cells easily but can’t pass through cell membranes.

5. Phosphorylates substances to make them more reactive —> lowers activation energy.