psychopathology test 3

Depression

Increases chances of developing significant medical problems for older adults

suicide

Older adults are more likely to die from this than other age groups

Generalized anxiety disorder

Most common anxiety disorder for older adults

Substance use disorders in older adults

Prevalence of alcohol abuse and other forms of substance abuse appears to decline after 65. Misuse of prescription drugs is a major problem, as is misuse of medications at nursing homes

psychotic disorders in older adults

Higher rate of psychotic symptoms than younger people, usually because of underlying medical conditions. Schizophrenia is less common in older people than younger people, but delusional disorder increases

Delirium

a rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner. State of massive confusion.

Causes of delirium

fever, certain diseases and infections, poor nutrition, head injuries, strokes, stress (including the trauma of surgery), and intoxication

neurocognitive disorder

disorder marked by a significant decline in at least one area of cognitive functioning: memory, attention, visual perception, planning and decision making, language ability, or social awareness. Also changes in personality and behavior

major neurocognitive disorder

neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is substantial and interferes with the ability to be independent

mild neurocognitive disorder

neurocognitive disorder in which the decline in cognitive functioning is modest and does not interfere with the ability to be independent

Alzheimer's disease

the most common type of neurocognitive disorder, usually occurring after the age of 65, marked most prominently by memory impairment

senile plaques

Sphere-shaped deposits of beta-amyloid protein that form in the spaces between certain brain cells and in certain blood vessels as people age

neurofibrillary tangles

Twisted protein fibers found within the cells of the hippocampus. Tau proteins contribute to excessive formation

early onset alzheimers

before age 65; familial. Abnormalities in genes responsible for production of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP) and presenting protein

late onset alzheimers

after age 65; combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Apolipoprotein (ApoE-4) gene

prefrontal lobes

hold information temporarily and continue working with the information as long as it is needed

temporal lobes and diencephalon

help transform short-term memory into long-term memory

Brain chemicals that make protein

Acetylcholine, glutamate, calcium

Biomarkers

biochemical, molecular, genetic, or structural characteristics that usually accompany a disease

Alzheimer's biomarkers

focus on a large number of beta-amyloid proteins and tau proteins; some evidence that low hippocampus activity proves predictive

vascular neurocognitive disorder

May follow a cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, during which blood flow to specific areas of the brain was cut off, with resultant damage. This disorder is progressive but its symptoms begin suddenly, rather than gradually. Cognitive functioning may continue to be normal in the areas of the brain not affected by the stroke

frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (Pick's disease)

rare disorder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes. Clinically similar to Alzheimer's disease

Neurocognitive disorder due to prion disease (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)

Symptoms include body spasms. Progresses rapidly and typically results in death

Neurocognitive disorder due to Huntington's disease

An inherited progressive disease in which memory problems worsen over time, along with personality changes, mood difficulties, and movement problems (severe twitching, spasms)

Neurocognitive disorder due to Parkinson's disease

A slowly progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness that can cause dementia

Neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy body disease

Progressive cognitive problems, significant movement difficulties, visual hallucinations, and sleep disturbances. Second most common Neurocognitive disorder

Other causes of neurological disorder

HIV infections, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse, various medical conditions, such as meningitis or advanced syphilis

Sexual dysfunction

a disorder marked by a persistent inability to function normally in some area of the sexual response cycle

desire phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

a male dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and hence a low level of sexual activity

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

a female dysfunction marked by a persistent reduction or lack of interest in sex and low sexual activity, as well as, in some cases, limited excitement and few sexual sensations during sexual activity

excitement phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing

erctile disorder

A dysfunction in which a person repeatedly fails to attain or maintain an erection during sexual activity

nocturnal penile tumescence

erection during sleep

performance anxiety

the fear of performing inadequately and a related tension experienced during sex

Spectator role

a state of mind that some people experience during sex, focusing on their sexual performance to such an extent that their performance and their enjoyment are reduced

orgasm phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle during which a person's sexual pleasure peaks and sexual tension is released as muscles in the pelvic region contract rhythmically

premature ejaculation

a dysfunction in which a man persistently reaches orgasm and ejaculates within one minute of beginning sexual activity with a partner and before he wishes to.

delayed ejaculation

a male dysfunction characterized by persistent inability to ejaculate or very delayed ejaculations during sexual activity with a partner

female orgasmic disorder

A dysfunction in which a woman persistently fails to reach orgasm, experiences orgasms of very low intensity, or has very delayed orgasms.

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

a sexual dysfunction characterized by significant physical discomfort during intercourse

Sildenafil

One of the drugs used to treat erectile disorder that helps increase blood flow to the penis during sexual activity. Marketed as Viagra.

directed masturbation training

a sex therapy approach that teaches women with female arousal or orgasmic disorders how to masturbate effectively and eventually to reach orgasm during sexual interactions

Paraphillias

patterns in which a person has recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors involving nonhuman objects, children, nonconsenting adults, or experiences of suffering or humiliation

paraphilic disorder

a disorder in which a person's paraphilia causes great distress, interferes with social or occupational activities, or places the person or others at risk of harm - either currently or in the past

fetishistic disorder

a paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object or nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment

transvestic disorder

A paraphilic disorder consisting of repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of the opposite sex.

exhibitionistic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which persons have repeated sexually arousing urges or fantasies about exposing their genitals to others, and may act upon those urges with non consenting individuals or experience clinically significant distress or impairment

voyeuristic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual desires to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they undress or to spy on couples having intercourse and may act upon these desires with unconventional individuals or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

frotteuristic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person, and either acts on these urges with the nonconsenting person or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

pedophillic disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies about watching, touching, or engaging in sexual acts with children, and either acts on these urges or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

sexual machoism disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment

sexual sadism disorder

a paraphilic disorder in which a person has repeated and intense sexual urges or fantasies that involve inflicting suffering on others, and either acts on these urges with nonconsenting individuals or experiences clinically significant distress or impairment

diathesis-stress model

social/biological/psychological risk factors can contribute to the onset of a disorder in response to a stressor or trigger

anorexia nervosa

a disorder marked by the pursuit of extreme thinness and by extreme weight loss

restricting type of anorexia nervosa

Weight loss attained primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise. Individual does not regularly engage in binge-eating or purging behavior

binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa

individuals attempt to lose weight by forcing themselves to vomit after meals, by misusing laxatives and diuretics, and by engaging in excessive exercise

amenorrhea

Absence of menstrual cycles

consequences of anorexia nervosa

Illness and/or treatment often interfere with work/school; strain on social/family relationships; difficulty concentrating, increased anxiety; mood lability and irritability; symptoms of depression and low self-esteem

Cerebral atrophy

wasting away of brain tissue; increased risk of seizures

Lanugo

fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn. Develops with anorexia nervosa

bulimia nervosa

a disorder marked by frequent eating binges that are followed by forced vomiting or other extreme compensatory behaviors to avoid gaining weight

Binges

an episode of uncontrollable eating during which a person ingests a very large quantity of food

Binge-eating disorder

a disorder marked by frequent binges but not extreme compensatory behaviors

Effective parents

accurately attend to their children's biological and emotional needs, giving them food when they are crying from hunger and comfort when they are crying out of fear

ineffective parents

fail to attend to their children's needs, deciding that their children are hungry, cold, or tired without correctly interpreting the children's actual condition

Alexithymia

Difficulty identifying and expressing emotions.

Positive reinforcement

When people begging to lose weight, other people reinforce the weight loss; the idea of control can be highly reinforcing

Negative reinforcement

Food and weight gain are feared; abuse of food/weight gain leads to short term reductions in anxiety but long term maintenance or worsening of the fear

Compulsive behaviors

Constant weight checks and catastrophizing normal fluctuations in weight

Hypothalamus

a brain structure that helps regulate various bodily functions, including eating and hunger

lateral hypothalamus

a brain region that produces hunger when activated

ventromedial hypothalamus

a brain region that depresses hunger when activated

weight set point

the weight level that a person is predisposed to maintain, controlled in part by the hypothalamus

enmeshed family pattern

a family system in which members are over involved with each other's affairs and over concerned about each other's welfare

Nutritional Rehabilitation

Intravenous feedings; behavioral weight-restoration approaches; combination of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high calorie diet; motivational interviewing

Motivational interviewing

a treatment that uses empathy and inquiring review to help motivate clients to recognize they have a serious psychological problem and commit to making constructive choices and behavior changes

Drug

any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds

substance intoxication

temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances

Substance use disorders

Patterns of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated substance use

Tolerance

A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect; a markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance

withdrawal

unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug

Alcohol

any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor

Depressants

slow the activity of the central nervous system; reduce tension and inhibitions; may interfere with judgement, motor activity, and concentration. Alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids

delirium tremens

a dramatic alcohol withdrawal reaction that consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and visual hallucinations

fetal alcohol syndrome

a cluster of problems in a child, including low birth weight, irregularities in the head and face, and intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy

sedative-hypnotic drugs

produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness to reduce anxiety and help people sleep. Low dose causes a calming or sedative effect and high dose causes sleep or hypnotics

Barbiturates

addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep

Benzodiazepines

The most common group of antianxiety drugs, which includes Valium and Xanax.

Opoids

Opium, drugs derived from opium, and similar synthetic drugs

Opium

a highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy

Morphine

a highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain

Heroin

one of the most addictive substances derived from opium

Endorphins

Neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension. They are sometimes referred to as the body's own opioids.

Stimulants

increase the activity of the nervous system; increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness; rapid behavior and thinking; cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine

Cocaine

An addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is the most powerful natural stimulant known.

Freebasing

a technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled with a pipe

Crack

a powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine

Amphetamines

stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory; amphetamine, dextroamphaine, adderall, methamphetamine

Methamphetamine

a powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems