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Present Perfect Simple
Used for actions completed in the past that have relevance to the present.
Form of Present Perfect
has/have + past participle. Use 'has' for he/she/it and 'have' for I/you/we/they.
Example of Present Perfect
I have eaten sushi.
Keywords for Present Perfect
already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, recently.
Present Continuous
Used for actions happening at the moment of speaking or planned actions in the near future.
Form of Present Continuous
to be (am/is/are) + verb-ing. 'am' for I, 'is' for he/she/it, 'are' for you/we/they.
Example of Present Continuous
I am eating right now.
Keywords for Present Continuous
now, at the moment, currently, tonight, tomorrow.
Past Perfect Simple
Used for an action that occurred before another action in the past.
Form of Past Perfect
had + past participle.
Example of Past Perfect
I had eaten before she arrived.
Keywords for Past Perfect
before, after, by the time, already.
Past Continuous
Used for ongoing actions in the past, often interrupted by another action.
Form of Past Continuous
was/were + verb-ing. 'was' for I/he/she/it, 'were' for you/we/they.
Example of Past Continuous
I was reading when you called.
Keywords for Past Continuous
while, when, as.
Difference between Present Perfect and Past Simple
Present Perfect has a link to the present; Past Simple denotes a finished action in the past.
Difference between Past Perfect and Past Simple
Past Perfect indicates an action before another past action; Past Simple indicates a simple past action.
Difference between Present Continuous and Past Continuous
Present Continuous describes an ongoing action now; Past Continuous describes an ongoing action in the past.