Mircoeconomics

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Terms and definitions

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25 Terms

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Normative Economics

Subjective, opinion, valued judgement

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Positive Economics

Factual, provable statements

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Economic Problem

unlimited needs and wants with limited resources

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Opportunity cost

the cost of the next best alternative foregone

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FoP

Capital, Enterprise, Labour, Land

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Demand

the quantity of goods and services consumers are willing and able to buy at each and every price

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Law of demand

As price falls, the quantity demanded rises, ceteris paribus

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Substitution effect

if the price of a good rises, the good will now cost more than substitutes

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Income effect

if the price of a good rises, consumers’ purchasing power of their income falls

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Non-price determinants of demand

Consumer income, prices of other goods, taste and fashion, future price changes, number of consumers

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Derived demand

demand for FoP used to produce another good

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Composite demand

goods have more than on use

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Veblen good

high price is attractive

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Supply

the quantity of goods and services that firms are willing and able to provide at each and every price

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Law of supply

as price increases, quantity supplied increases, ceteris paribus

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Profit motive

firms is assumed to seek to maximise profits

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Fixed costs

costs do not change in the short run with the level of output

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Variable costs

costs do change in the short run with the level of output

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Non-price determinants of supply

Subsidies and taxes, Technology, Other related goods, Resource costs, Expectations, Size of the market

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Joint supply

2 products produced or supplied together

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Competitive supply

2 products produced from the same FoP

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Surplus

Excess supply

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Shortage

Excess demand

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Equilibrium price

price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied

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Surge pricing

raise price when there is a great increase in demand