Congress of Vienna and 19th Century Europe, European Revolutions of 1848

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European powers to establish post-Napoleonic order

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and influential figure at the Congress of Vienna

Concert of Europe

Diplomatic cooperation among major powers to maintain the balance of power

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and England after the Napoleonic Wars

Holy Alliance

Coalition of Russia, Prussia, and Austria to uphold Christian principles in European politics

Carlsbad Decrees

Repressive measures to control liberal and nationalist movements in the German Confederation

Tories

British conservative political faction during the 19th century

Corn Laws, 1815

Tariffs and restrictions on imported grain in the United Kingdom

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Violent suppression of a peaceful pro-democracy rally in Manchester, England

Decembrist Uprising, 1825

Failed revolt by Russian army officers against Tsar Nicholas I

Adam Smith

Author of 'Wealth of Nations' and proponent of laissez-faire economics

Thomas Malthus

Economist known for the theory of population growth outstripping food supply

David Ricardo

Economist who formulated the 'iron law of wages' and theory of comparative advantage

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher and founder of utilitarianism, advocating for maximizing overall happiness

John Stuart Mill

Philosopher known for his work 'On Liberty' and advocate of individual freedom

Johann Gottfried Herder

Philosopher who emphasized the importance of national spirit or 'Volksgeist'

Johann Gottlieb Fichte

German philosopher who influenced German nationalism and idealism

Greek Revolution

War of independence by Greeks against the Ottoman Empire

Revolutions of 1830

Series of uprisings in Europe leading to constitutional changes and liberal reforms

Reform Bill of 1832

British legislation expanding voting rights and redrawing electoral districts

Factory Act of 1833

British law regulating child labor and working conditions in factories

William Wilberforce

British politician and leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade

Poor Law, 1834

British legislation reforming the country's social welfare system

Mines Act, 1842

British law prohibiting women and girls from working in mines

Ten Hour Act, 1847

British law limiting the working hours of women and young persons in factories

Chartists

Advocates for political reform in Britain, particularly suffrage and working-class rights

Anti-Corn Law League

British organization advocating for the repeal of the Corn Laws, which imposed tariffs on imported grain

February Revolution

Series of riots and uprisings in France leading to the abdication of King Louis-Philippe

Second French Republic

The republican government established in France after the February Revolution

Louis Blanc

French politician and socialist known for advocating for the right to work and establishing national workshops

National Workshops

Government-funded employment projects created in France to provide work for the unemployed

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and military leader who played a key role in the unification of Italy

Magyars

Ethnic group in Hungary known for their role in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848

Louis Kossuth

Leader of the Hungarian Revolution and advocate for Hungarian independence

Bohemia

Historical region of the Czech Republic, involved in the revolutionary movements of 1848

Prague Conference, Austroslavism

Meeting in Prague advocating for the unity of Slavic peoples within the Austrian Empire

Frankfurt Parliament

National assembly in Germany that attempted to create a unified German state

Frederick William IV

King of Prussia during the 1848 revolutions, initially offered the title of Emperor of a united Germany

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract

Enlightenment philosopher known for his work on political philosophy, including the concept of the social contract

Immanuel Kant sturm and drang

German philosopher associated with the Sturm und Drang literary movement, emphasizing individual emotion and experience

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel dialectic

Philosopher known for his dialectical method, which explores the development of ideas through thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

William Wordsworth

Prominent English Romantic poet known for his lyrical poetry and connection to nature

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

English poet and philosopher, a key figure in the Romantic movement and co-author of 'Lyrical Ballads'

Lord Byron

Influential English poet known for his romantic and adventurous lifestyle, and his poetry on individualism and freedom

Percy Bysshe Shelley

English Romantic poet known for his radical views and lyrical poetry, including 'Ode to the West Wind'

Grimm's Fairytales

Collection of German folktales compiled by the Brothers Grimm, influential in literature and culture

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust

German writer's masterpiece play exploring the consequences of making a pact with the devil

Victor Hugo

French writer known for his novels, including 'Les Misérables' and 'The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'

Francisco Goya

Spanish painter and printmaker known for his dark and haunting works, including 'The Third of May 1808'

Caspar David Friedrich

German Romantic landscape painter known for his contemplative and symbolic works, such as 'Wanderer above the Sea of Fog'

Eugene Delacroix

French Romantic artist known for his use of expressive brushwork and his masterpiece 'Liberty Leading the People'

Théodore Géricault

French Romantic painter known for his dramatic and emotive works, including 'The Raft of the Medusa'

J.W.M. Turner

English Romantic painter known for his innovative use of light and color in landscapes, such as 'The Fighting Temeraire'

John Constable

English landscape painter known for his naturalistic and detailed depictions of the English countryside

Gothic revival architecture British Houses of Parliament

Architectural style characterized by pointed arches and ornate decoration, seen in the design of the British Houses of Parliament

Ludwig van Beethoven

Renowned German composer of the classical and early Romantic eras, known for his symphonies and piano sonatas

Frédéric Chopin

Polish composer and virtuoso pianist known for his expressive and technically demanding piano compositions

Franz Liszt

Hungarian composer and pianist known for his innovative piano compositions and captivating performances

Giuseppi Verdi Richard Wagner

Prominent composers of the Romantic era, known for their operas such as 'La Traviata' and 'The Ring Cycle' respectively

Peter Tchaikovsky

Russian composer known for his ballets, including 'Swan Lake' and 'The Nutcracker'

Utopian Socialism

Socialist philosophy advocating for idealistic communal living and economic equality, as proposed by thinkers like Saint-Simon and Fourier

Karl Marx

German philosopher and economist, known for his theories on capitalism, communism, and the class struggle

Friedrich Engels

German philosopher and co-author of 'The Communist Manifesto', collaborator with Karl Marx

The Communist Manifesto, 1848

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

dialectical materialism

The idea, according to Karl Marx, that change and development in history results from the conflict between social classes. Economic forces impel human beings to behave in socially determined ways.

dictatorship of the proletariat

Marx's theory of a proletariat controlled world following the taking from the wealthy; eventually it will wither away into a classless society.

Flora Tristan

French socialist writer and activist, known for her advocacy of women's rights and workers' rights

Realpolitik

"realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles

Crimean War (1853-1856)

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Florance Nightingale (1820-1910)

-Provided care to wounded soldiers during the Crimean War-dropped mortality from 52% to 20% in 1 year.
-Created the coxcomb diagram to summarize morbidity and mortality trends in London.
-Through her efforts, Queen Victoria ordered flushing sewers, improving ventilation in buildings and handwashing in health care
-Established St. Thomas' Hospital and the Nightingale Training School for Nurses.

Second French Republic (1848-1852)

This government was set up following the Revolution of 1848 that overthrew the July Monarchy of Louis-Phillippe. Prince Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon, was elected president.

President Louis Napoleon

"Man of the People"
first to campaign
got rid of radical officials
disbanded national assembly and had new elections
declared a hereditary 2nd french empire

Falloux Laws

Louis Napoleon returned control of education to the Church (in return for its support)

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon)

- He was elected President of France through universal male suffrage in Dec. 1848. He was elected because 1. He had his uncles (Bonaparte) great name. 2. Middle class and peasant property owners feared the socialistic changes that Marx stresses so they wanted a strong ruler to protect them. 3. He had a positive program for France. - He believed that the president should serve all the people and disliked parliament and political parties b/c they represented special interests. - At the end of his 4 year term the National Assembly had failed to change the constitution so he could run a second term, so on Dec. 2 1851 he illegally dismissed the assembly and seized power in a coup d'etat. Then he called on the French people to legalize his actions and 92% voted him president for 10 years. A year later 97% voted him hereditary emperor of France. - In the 1850's he brought great economic success to France. His gov't promoted new investment banks, railroad constructions and ambitious public work programs which included rebuilding Paris. During this time the profits of business people soared and unemployment declined. - He also supported the working class by regulation pawn shops, supporting credit unions, improving housing and in the 1860's granting the rights to form unions and to strike. - In the 1860's he agreed to more liberal changes in the gov't, granting more power to the assembly and accepting a new constitution.

Crédit Mobilier

established in 1852 and funded industrial and infastructure growth

Syllabus of Errors

(1864) Doctrine of Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) that denounced belief in reason and science and attacked "progress, liberalism, and modern civilization".

Italian Unification

During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Sardinia-Piedmont

The kingdom ruled by Victor Emmanuel that many Italians looked up to. Had a liberal constitution and was ideal to help with national unification.

King Victor Emmanuel

The King of Piedmont that appointed Cavour his Prime Minister and worked to unite Italy.

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour

He was the brilliant statesman who led Sardinia during the period of Italian unification. He was the dominant figure in the Sardinian government from 1850 until his death in 1861. His national goals were limited and realistic, and until 1859, he sought unity only for the states of northern and perhaps central Italy in a greatly expanded kingdom of Sardinia. Later, he succeeded in uniting Italy, controlling Garibaldi, and turning nationalism in a conservative direction.

Law of Convents and Siccardi Law

sought to reduce the influence of the Catholic Church

Plombieres

Cavour and Napolean III's secret meeting where they decided to fight Austria together, Italy would get land, France would get influence

Guiseppe Garibaldi

Soldier of fortune who amassed his "Red Shirt" army to bring Naples and Sicily into a unified Italy (1807-1882)

1871

Rome was captured by Italian troops and became capital of Kingdom of Italy

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.

Zollverein

A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members

kleindeutsch plan

a unified Germany without Austria was seen as the most practicable means of unification among various German states, particularly Prussia

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Blood and Iron

"Blood and Iron" was the speech that Otto Von Bismarck gave with the belief that a strong industry and military was needed in a country to have success. The blood represented the military while the iron represented the industry of Germany.

Prussian-Danish War, 1863

1863, Germany and Austria defeated Denmark and took control of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein--the provinces were jointly administered by Prussia and Austria but conflicts over jurisdiction would lead to a major war between Prussia and Austria

Reichstag

the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)

Peace negotiation between France and Prussia after the Franco-Prussian war. Negotiated by Adolphe Thiers. Also led directly to the creation of the Paris Commune.

German Empire (1871)

Was formed after the Franco-Prussian war when the Southern German states agreed to join; the new Emperor was William I.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Also known as Austria-Hungary, or the Hapsburg Empire, as it was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy from 1867 to 1918. Austria-Hungary extended over most of central Europe. It was composed the modern day countries of Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, as well as parts of present-day Poland, Romania, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Dual Monarchy

An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Germany to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war

Ausgleich (Compromise of 1867)

Established the Dual Monarchy of Austria and Hungary: Separate governments except for a common King.