Fluency Facts

Three Sisters (Who)

Indigenous Tribes in North AMerica

Three Sisters (What)

Method where corn, beans, and squash are grown together (Corn = stalk, beans = nitrogen, Squash = moisture)

The Three Sisters (Where)

North America

Three Sisters - (When)

Around 1000 CE till present, well established

Three Sisters (Significance)

Agricultural system, reliable nutritious food supplies.

Columbian Exchange (Who)

Settlers & New World

Columbian Exchange (What)

Exchange of Goods between European & the New World

Corn, Potatoes, Livestock etc

Columbian Exchange (Where)

Europe, New World

Columbian Exchange (When)

1492 to 1500s

What were the unintended consequences of the Columbian Exchange?

Diseases were spread that killed native populations.

What was the effect of cash crops on the demand for labor during the Columbian Exchange?

The demand for slaves increased.

Encomienda System (Who)

Native Americans, Spanish, Las Casas

Encomienda System (What)

Spanish System, settlers were given authority over NAI land and gold, forced labor from natives

Encomienda System (Where)

Spanish Colonies

Encomienda System (When)

1502 to 1542

Encomienda System (Significance)

Enabled the enslavement, exploitation, killing of killing of NAI

Pueblo Revolt (Who)

Pueblo Indians, Pope, Spanish

Pueblo Revolt (What)

Native Rebellion against Spanish overlords, killed over 400, and drove out 2000 settlers. Took 12 years for the Spanish to reconquer

Pueblo Revolt (Where)

Mexico, American Southwest

Pueblo Revolt (When)

1680s

Pueblo Revolt (Significance)

Most effective NAI resistance, Rejection of Catholicism, and killed priests

Virginia Company (Who)

London investors & British explorers

Virginia Company (What)

Joint stock company that established the Jamestown colony

Virginia Company (When)

1607

Virginia Company (Where)

Jamestown

Virginia Company (Significance)

First successful British settlement in North America. As a corporation, empowered to govern themselves.

Bacons Rebellion (Who)

Nathaniel Bacon, Virginia Colonists vs William Berkeley and the Virginia Colonial government

Bacons Rebellion (What)

A rebellion caused by disputes over Native American policy, access to western land, political power, and resentment toward Virginia's wealthy ruling elite.

Bacons Rebellion (Where)

Virginia Colony, close to Jamestown & western frontier

Bacons Rebellion (When)

1676

Bacons Rebellion (Significance)

Exposed class tensions, later planters rely more on enslave africans that indentured servants

Frame of Government (Who)

William Penn

Frame of Government (What)

Written Constitution that supported religous tolerance and fair trade with NAI

Frame of Government (Where)

Pennsylvania

Frame of Government (When)

1682

What laws were established in accordance with Quaker beliefs?

Laws that advocated for religious freedom, civil rights, and self-government.

What philosophical movement was reflected by the Frame of Government?

Enlightenment beliefs.

Navigation Acts (Who)

British Parliament, colonies, and colonial merchants

Navigation Acts (What)

Defined colonies as suppliers of raw materials and markets for Great Britain. No foreign merchants could trade in colonies. Colonial goods could only be carried on British merchant ships.

Navigation Acts (Where)

British Colonies

Navigation Acts (When)

1651

Navigation Acts (Significance)

Benefited England economically through mercantilism and created resentment in the colonies when enforced after periods of salutary neglect

City Upon a Hill (Who)

John Winthrop and Puritans

City Upon a Hill (What)

Speech given on the ship Arbella stating that the colony would be a model of Christian charity watched by the world

City Upon a Hill (Where)

Arbella, Massachusetts Bay Colony

City Upon a Hill (When)

1630

City Upon a Hill (Significance)

Established the idea of American exceptionalism and highlighted the centrality of religion; referenced by future U.S. presidents like JFK and Reagan

Anne Hutchinson (Who)

Anne Hutchinson, Roger Williams, and John Cotton

Anne Hutchinson (What)

Puritan banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy after preaching that God communicated directly to individuals, directly challenging church elders and colonial gender roles

Anne Hutchinson (Where)

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Anne Hutchinson (When)

1637

Anne Hutchinson (Significance)

Challenged colonial gender roles and church authority; contributed to the founding of tolerant colonies like Rhode Island and the concept of separation of church and state

King Philip's War (Who)

British colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom

King Philip's War (What)

War fought over land encroachment by British colonists

King Philip's War (Where)

New England

King Philip's War (When)

1675 to 1676

King Philip's War (Significance)

Destroyed the power of native tribes in New England; became the most destructive war in U.S. history relative to population

Iroquois Confederacy (Who)

Originally five Native American nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca

Iroquois Confederacy (What)

A powerful political and military alliance created to promote peace and cooperation among its member nations

Iroquois Confederacy (Where)

Present-day New York State and northeastern North America

Iroquois Confederacy (When)

c. 1450–1600 (formed before European colonization)

Iroquois Confederacy (Significance)

Became one of the most powerful Indigenous alliances in northeastern North America, wielding significant political, military, and economic influence

Great Awakening (Who)

George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards, and young individuals

Great Awakening (What)

Religious movement that emphasized emotional aspects of faith, contrasting with Enlightenment ideas

Great Awakening (Where)

Northern Colonies, later spreading to the South

Great Awakening (When)

1730s to 1760s

Great Awakening (Significance)

First national movement in the colonies; questioned traditional authority and introduced enslaved Africans to Christianity

Salutary Neglect (Who)

British, Colonists

Salutary Neglect (What)

British Policy under which trade regulations for the colonies were laxly enforced and imperial supervision of internal colonial affairs was loose as long as the colonies remained loyal to the British and contributed to its economic profitability.

Salutary Neglect (Where)

North American colonies

Salutary Neglect (When)

1607 to 1763

Salutary Neglect (Significance)

Salutary neglect contributed involuntarily to the increasing autonomy of colonial legal and legislative institutions, which ultimately led to American independence.

French and Indian War (Who)

British, British Colonists, French, Native Americans

French and Indian War (What)

Vicious conflict over the Ohio River Valley between the British and the French. Both sides had Native American allies. Resulted in loss of all French Power in North America.

French and Indian War (Where)

Ohio River Valley, between French and British colonies

French and Indian War (When)

1754 to 1763

French and Indian War (Significance)

Signaled end of French power. Native Americans lost the ability to play European powers off each other. Resulted in some colonial unity and nationalism, set the stage for the American Revolution because of effects — British debt, troops remain, etc. Major shifting of property

The Albany Plan (Who)

Benjamin Franklin, Native Americans, Albany Congress Representatives

The Albany Plan (What)

Benjamin Franklin attempted to pass plan of intercolonial cooperation about defense. Final proposal that was initially favored but shot down due to fears of losing power

The Albany Plan (Where)

Albany, New York

The Albany Plan (When)

1754

The Albany Plan (Significance)

Showed diverse interests and sectionalism, first attempt at unification. Not unification

Pontiac’s Rebellion (Who)

Pontiac, General Thomas Gage

Pontiac’s Rebellion (What)

Ottowa Chief, Pontiac, led an uprising in the wake of the French and Indian War to oppose British expansion into West Ohio Valley. Led to Proclamation of 1763. Use of Smallpox blankets against NAI at Fort Pitt

Pontiac’s Rebellion (Where)

Great Lakes Region, Michigan

Pontiac’s Rebellion (When)

1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion (Significance)

Showcases difference in NAI relations between English and French. Loss of agency. Demonstrated viability of NAI alliances in struggle against European expansion and contributed to deteriorating relations between Great Britain and the colonies. Leads to formation of vigilante groups such as the Paxton Boys.

Stamp Act (Who)

Parliment, Sons of Liberty, Colonists

Stamp Act (What)

Tax on all legal and official papers and publications circulating in the colonies.

Stamp Act (Where)

Colonies, Great Britain, Boston

Stamp Act (When)

1765

Stamp Act (Significance)

To raise revenue and pay off debt accumulated for the French and Indian War. Colonists use non-importation to hurt Britain. Act was repealed in 1766 along with the passing of the Declaratory Act. Increase tension between Britain and the colonists, who claim they cannot be taxed without representation in Parliament.

Sons & Daughters of Liberty (Who)

Samuel Adams, American Colonists

Sons & Daughters of Liberty (What)

Sons used threats, protests, and violence to intimidate those loyal to the British crown, and make their grievances clear to the British. Helped organize and carry out the Boston Tea Party. Daughters bolstered the cause by staging boycotts and producing homemade products impacts by non-importation

Sons & Daughters of Liberty (Where)

American Colonies

Sons & Daughters of Liberty (When)

1765 to 1766

Sons & Daughters of Liberty (Significance)

Sons & Daughters of Liberty were influential in orchestrating effective resistance movements against British rule in colonial America on the eve of the Revolution, primarily against what they perceived as unfair taxation and financial limitations imposed upon them.

Coercive Acts (Who)

Parliament Colonists

Coercive Acts (What)

Series of acts that pun an unnecessary strain on colonists, such as the quartering act, administration of justice act, etc.

Coercive Acts (When)

1774