Amino Acids (Part 1)

What are the main agents of biological function?

Proteins

What are the most abundant biological macromolecules in all cells and all parts of cells?

Proteins

What mediate virtually every process that takes place in a cell, exhibiting an almost endless diversity of functions?

Proteins

What function of proteins refers to transporters of hydrophobic compounds in the blood?

Transport

What function of proteins refers to molecules that attach cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix?

Cell Adhesion

What function of proteins refers to channels through lipid membranes regulating molecular passage?

Ion Channels

What function of proteins refers to hormones that carry signals from one group of cells to another?

Signaling

What function of proteins refers to enzymes that significantly increase the rate of biochemical reactions?

Catalysis

In every living organism, proteins are constructed from a common set of 20 amino acids as their fundamental what?

building blocks

Amino acids are joined in characteristic linear sequences through a common amide linkage known as what?

peptide bond

What are tetrahedral structures that are the building block for protein?

Amino acids

What are organic compounds containing amino and carboxylic groups?

Amino acids

What is the central carbon atom linked to four different chemical groups?

Alpha carbon atom (C)

What is another name for the central carbon atom linked to four different chemical groups?

chiral carbon

Which is the only amino acid where the alpha carbon is not chiral?

Glycine

Why is the alpha carbon in Glycine not chiral?

it is linked to two hydrogen atoms

Which component of an amino acid consist of Nitrogen and hydrogen atoms?

Amino group (NH3)

Which component of an amino acid contains one carbon atom, two oxygen atoms, and one hydrogen atom?

Carboxyl group (-COOH)

Which essential molecular component provides identity to amino acids?

Hydrocarbon side chain (R)

What contains acidic or basic group and hydrophilic or hydrophobic group?

Hydrocarbon side chain (R)

What is the significance of the hydrocarbon side chain (R)?

Determine the structure and property of protein

What is the three-letter code for Glycine?

Gly

What is the three-letter code for Alanine?

Ala

For which amino acid is the first letter unique and used as the symbol C?

Cysteine

For which amino acid is the first letter unique and used as the symbol H?

Histidine

For which amino acid is the first letter unique and used as the symbol I?

Isoleucine

For which amino acid is the first letter unique and used as the symbol M?

Methionine

For which amino acid is the first letter unique and used as the symbol S?

Serine

For which amino acid is the first letter unique and used as the symbol V?

Valine

For common amino acids, the first letter of the name is not unique but is assigned to the amino acid that is most common in what?

proteins

Which common amino acid is assigned the letter A?

Alanine

Which common amino acid is assigned the letter G?

Glycine

Which common amino acid is assigned the letter L?

Leucine

Which common amino acid is assigned the letter P?

Proline

Which common amino acid is assigned the letter T?

Threonine

What dictates the one-letter code when the letter used is phonetically suggestive?

Phonetically Suggestive

Which phonetically suggestive amino acid is assigned the letter R?

Arginine

Which phonetically suggestive amino acid is assigned the letter F?

Phenylalanine

Which phonetically suggestive amino acid is assigned the letter Y?

Tyrosine

Which phonetically suggestive amino acid is assigned the letter W?

Tryptophan

How many amino acids were assigned letters found within or suggested by their names?

Four (DNEQ)

Which amino acid was assigned the letter D because it is found within or suggested by its name?

Aspartic Acid

Which amino acid was assigned the letter N because it is found within or suggested by its name?

Asparagine

Which amino acid was assigned the letter E because it is found within or suggested by its name?

Glutamic acid

Which amino acid was assigned the letter Q because it is found within or suggested by its name?

Glutamine

Which letter was chosen for Lysine because it was the closest to L?

K

What classification of amino acids includes Alpha amino acids, Beta amino acids, and Gamma amino acids?

Position of Amino Group

In what type of amino acids is the amino group attached to a carbon atom immediately next to carboxylic group?

Alpha amino acids

In what type of amino acids is the amino group attached to a carbon atom (C2) next to alpha carbon?

Beta amino acids

In what type of amino acids is the amino group attached to a carbon atom (C3) next to beta carbon?

Gamma amino acids

What property classifies amino acids into proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic amino acids?

Proteinogenic Property

Which amino acids can be utilized for synthesis of proteins in living organisms?

Proteinogenic amino acids

How are proteinogenic amino acids coded by DNA?

through triplet codons

What structure highlights complementary base pairing, Loop 1, Loop 2, Loop 3, Anticodon (A C G), and Amino Acid attached?

tRNA Structure

What are amino acids that cannot be incorporated into structure of proteins during their biosynthesis in body tissues but they play important roles in metabolism, signaling, or structural functions?

Non-Proteinogenic Amino Acids

What derived amino acid not seen in proteins is a key intermediate in the urea cycle and arginine synthesis?

Ornithine

What derived amino acid not seen in proteins is involved in the urea cycle and nitric oxide production?

Citrulline

Which derived amino acids found in proteins play an important role in collagen?

Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine

Which derived amino acid found in proteins is a clotting protein?

γ-carboxyglutamate

What is an example of a neurotransmitter and signaling molecule that acts as a non-proteinogenic amino acid?

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

What neurotransmitters and signaling molecules are mentioned alongside γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

Dopamine, Serotonin, Epinephrine

In which amino acids does the side chain have the simplest structure?

Simple amino acid

Which aliphatic monoamino-monocarboxylic acids have side chains that are short and branched?

Branched amino acid

Which aliphatic monoamino-monocarboxylic acids have hydroxyl groups in side chains?

Hydroxy amino acid

Which amino acids contain sulfur atoms in the groups attached in side chains?

Sulfur-containing amino acid

Which amino acids possess carboxy-amide groups in the side chains?

Amide-containing amino acid

Which amino acids contain an additional carboxylic group in the side chain?

Acidic amino acids

Which amino acids contain an additional amino group in the side chain?

Basic amino acids

Which amino acids contain aromatic rings in the side chain?

Aromatic amino acids

What specific aromatic group does Phenylalanine contain?

Benzene group

What specific aromatic group does Tyrosine contain?

Phenol group

What specific aromatic group does Tryptophan contain?

Indole group

What specific aromatic group does Histidine contain?

Imidazole group

Which unique amino acid containing a pyrrolidine ring has an imino group (NH), instead of an amino ($NH_2$) found in other amino acid?

Proline

What property includes Hydrophobic (non-polar) amino acid, Hydrophilic (polar) amino acid, Uncharged, Positively charged (Basic), and Negatively charged (Acid)?

Polarity of Side Chain

Which amino acids have hydrocarbon side chains that do not react with water molecules?

Hydrophobic (non-polar) amino acid

What are the hydrophobic amino acids with an aliphatic side chain?

Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Methionine

What are the hydrophobic amino acids with an aromatic side chain?

Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

Which amino acids have hydrocarbon side chains with high affinity for water molecules?

Hydrophilic (polar) amino acid

Which hydrophilic amino acids are negatively charged?

Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid

Which hydrophilic amino acids are positively charged?

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

Which hydrophilic amino acids are uncharged?

Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Cysteine, Glycine

Which amino acids have one amino and one carboxylic group?

Neutral amino acid

Which amino acids have one amino and two carboxylic groups?

Acidic amino acid

In what type of amino acid do side chains carry a negative charge at physiological pH?

Acidic amino acid

Which amino acids have two amino and one carboxylic groups?

Basic amino acid

In what type of amino acid do side chains carry a positive charge at physiological pH?

Basic amino acid

Which amino acids are not synthesized by body tissues and have to be supplemented with diet to fulfill their physiological demand?

Essential amino acids

What is another term for semi-essential amino acids?

conditionally essential amino acid

During what periods are semi-essential amino acids physiologically demanded?

Developmental stage of children and Pregnancy and Lactation among women

Which amino acids are synthesized in the body and do not have to be supplemented with diet?

Non-essential amino acid Essential amino acid Conditionally essential amino acid Semi-essential amino acid

What are examples of non-essential amino acids?

Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Aspartic Acid, Asparagine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Tyrosine, Serine, Cysteine

What property dictates whether the carbon skeleton of amino acids can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of glucose or fat or both?

Metabolic Property

Which amino acids can be converted into ketone bodies?

Ketogenic Amino Acids

What are examples of ketogenic amino acids?

Leucine, Lysine

Which amino acids can serve as precursors for the formation of glucose or glycogen?

Glucogenic (Glycogenic) Amino Acids

What are examples of glucogenic amino acids?

Glycine, Alanine, Serine, Cysteine, Aspartic acid, Aspargine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Proline, Histidine, Arginine, Methionine, Threonine, Valine

Which amino acids can be converted into ketone bodies and glucose?

Both Ketogenic and Glucogenic Amino Acids

What are examples of both ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?

Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan

Which amino acid is named because of sweet taste, is the simplest with a single H atom, and is a non-polar, non-essential amino acid?

Glycine (Gly, G) Alanine (Ala, A) Valine (Val, V) Leucine (Leu, L)