honors biology 9 saavas vocab chapter 14 and 15

genome

entire set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA

karyotype

micrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size

sex chromosomes

one of two chromosomes that determines an individual's sex

autosomes

chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; also called autosomal chromosome

sex-linked gene

gene located on a sex chromosome

pedigree

chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationships within a family across several generations

nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

restriction enzymes

enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides

gel electrophoresis

Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel

bioinformatics

application of mathematics and computer science to store, retrieve, and analyze biological data

genomics

study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions

selective breeding

method of breeding that allows only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation

hybridization

Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

inbreeding

Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics to maintain the derived characteristics of a kind of organism

biotechnology

process of manipulating organisms, cells, or molecules, to produce specific products

polymerase chain reaction

the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

recombinant DNA

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

plasmid

small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

genetic marker

alleles that produce detectable phenotypic differences useful in genetic analysis

transgenic

term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms

clone

member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

gene therapy

The process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder. An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene.

DNA microarray

glass slide or silicon chip that carries thousands of different kinds of single-stranded DNA fragments arranged in a grid. A DNA microarray is used to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time

DNA fingerprinting

tool used by biologists that analyzes an individual's unique collection of DNA restriction fragments; used to determine whether two samples of genetic material are from the same person

forensics

scientific study of crime scene evidence