W10 Review - HES 105

What is moving air in and out of the body called?

ventilation

What is it called when anytime our breathing rate increases above resting levels?

hyperpnea

What is hyperventilation referred to as?

breathing rates that are elevated relative to our metabolic need to eliminate CO2

What is the most physiologically relevant measure of ventilation?

alveolar ventilation

What is anatomical dead space?

fixed value of ventilated air that gets “wasted” with each breath

What do we want to increase breathing efficiency?

the lowest possible value for Vd/Vt

What is the most energy-efficient strategy during hyperpnea?

to increase tidal volume

What increases breathing efficiency during exercise?

bronchodilation

When are the abdominals used?

expiration during heavy breathing only

When is the diaphragm used?

all inspiration

When are internal intercostals used?

expiration during heavy breathing only

When are external intercostals used?

all inspiration

When are scalenes used?

inspiration during heavy breathing only

When is the sternocleidomastoid used?

inspiration during heavy breathing only

Elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall contribute to _______.

expiration during both eupnea and hyperpnea

During exercise, ventilation is initially increased through increases in what?

tidal volume

After increases in tidal volume, what else increases following it?

breathing frequency

During exercise, tidal volume will never exceed about what percentage of vital capacity?

50%

Hyperventilation leads to _______ in pH.

an increase

Increasing the amount of CO2 in the blood leads to _______ in pH.

a drop

What factors correspond with Lactate Threshold 1 (LT1)?

[La-] being produced faster than it can be used by the cell, [La-] starting to spill into the blood, anaerobic glycolysis becoming measurable,

What factors correspond with Lactate Threshold 2 (LT2)?

intensity no longer being sustainable, [La-] being produced faster than it can cleared from the blood

What factors correspond with Ventilatory Threshold 1 (VT1)?

ventilation started to get stimulated by non-metabolic CO2anaerobic glycolysis impacting ventilation

What factors correspond with Ventilatory Threshold 2 (VT2)?

ventilation being stimulated by H+, a drop in pH, intensity no longer being sustainable

In which domains does a person make metabolic CO2?

moderate, severe, heavy

In which domains does a person make non-metabolic CO₂?

heavy, severe

In what domain do protons start to enter the circulation?

heavy

What is the "easiest" domain that would make someone acidotic?

severe

What is the "hardest" domain that is below a person's VO2max?

severe

What is the "hardest" domain where intensity is still sustainable?

heavy

Having a higher threshold is indicative of better ________ fitness.

aerobic