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four types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

five types of cell junctions

tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions

general features of epithelial tissue

kinds: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transformational

functions: filtration/diffusion, secretion, absorption, protection

merocrine glands

releases fluid through exocytosis, no part of the cell is damaged or lost (saliva)

apocrine glands

releases fluid and sweat from vesicles that are lost/decapitated from the cell body during secretion

holocrine glands

plasma membrane of cell ruptures, causing apoptosis and the entire cell to secrete onto the surface (oil, sebum)

gap junction

allows passage from one cell to another, electrical synapse (cardiac muscle)

hemidesmosome

anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the basement membrane

desmosome

A general cell junction, used primarily for powerful adhesion so cells stay together (epidermis)

adherens junction

tight bond to prevent separation between cells (small intestine)

tight junction

forms very tight seal to prevent leaking (urinary bladder)

functions of connective tissue

bind, support, strengthen tissue, protect and insulate internal organs, energy resource, transport blood, enhance immunity, secretes collagen, elastin, reticular fibers

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flat cells

functions: filtration, secretion, diffusion

location: kidneys, heart, air sacs of lungs, pericardium

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped cells

functions: secretion and absorption

location: ovaries, ducts of glands, thyroid, pancreas

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of column-like cells

ciliated simple columnar epithelium

functions: moving substances out and around the body

location: uterus, bronchioles, uterine/fallopian tubes

nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

functions: secretion and absorption

location: stomach, intestines

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

not stratified, just one layer of cells with nuclei at different depths

functions: absorption and secretion

location: glands, upper respiratory airways (ciliated)

stratified squamous epithelium

two or more layers of cells, apical side is squamous

functions: protection against abrasion, UV rays, and foreign invasion/microbes

location: superficial layer of skin (keratinized), wet surfaces and tongue (nonkeratinized)

stratified cuboidal epithelium

two or more layers of cuboidal cells

functions: protection and limited secretion and absorption

location: ducts of adult sweat glands, esophagus glands, part of male urethra

stratified columnar epithelium

VERY RARE

two or more layers of cells, apical layer is columnar

functions: protection and secretion

location: part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands

transitional/urothelium

changes from relaxed (stratified cuboidal) to stretched (stratified squamous)

functions: allow urinary organs to stretch and remain intact while not leaking or rupturing

location: urinary organs

epithelial membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous

mucous membrane

epithelial membrane that secretes mucus and lines body cavities that open directly to exterior

serous membrane

the epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of the body and secretes serous fluid so organs can move around freely

-makes up the pleura and pericardium

cutaneous membrane

epithelial membrane

the skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

synovial membrane

connective tissue

lubricates cartilage covering bones and contains macrophages to remove debris from joint cavities

general functions of muscular tissue

produce body movement, thermoregulate, maintain posture

3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

skeletal muscular tissue

attached to bones and does all muscular tissue functions

cardiac muscular tissue

heart walls, pumps blood through body

smooth muscle tissue

provides motion

walls of blood vessels, gastrointestinal track, bladder

general features of nervous tissue

exhibits sensitivity to stimulus, converts stimulus to nerve impulses, conducts those to create actions

neurons

individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information

cell body, dendrites, axon

neuroglia

protect and support neurons

embryonic connective tissue types

mesenchyme and mucous

mesenchyme connective tissue

gives rise to all connective tissues, is composed of skin found during the development of the embryo

mucoid connective tissue

umbilical cord of fetus for support

mature connective tissue types

connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, liquid connective tissue

connective tissue proper

flexible and contains a viscous ground substance with abundant fibers

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue

loose connective tissue

connective tissue proper

fibers loose between numerous cells

areolar, adipose, reticular

dense connective tissue

connective tissue proper

more fibers, fewer cells for more structure

areolar connective tissue

connective tissue proper, loose

randomly arranged fibers to provide strength, elasticity, and support

adipose connective tissue

connective tissue proper, loose

stores fat with adipocytes and is an energy source as well as organ protector and heat reserve

kidneys, heart

reticular connective tissue

connective tissue proper, loose

forms structure for organs, filters out old blood and microbes

contains reticular fibers

dense regular connective tissue

connective tissue proper, dense

regularly arranged collagen fibers in bundles

has many fibroblasts

forms tendons and ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue

connective tissue proper, dense

irregularly arranged collagen fibers

has few fibroblasts

provides pulling strength in many directions

kidney, heart, liver

elastic connective tissue

connective tissue proper, dense

elastic fibers with some fibroblasts

allows stretching but is strong and returns to original shape

supporting connective tissue

cartilage and bone

hyaline, fibrous, elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

supporting connective tissue

provides smooth surface for joint movement, support and flexibility

fine collagen fibers

weakest type

fibrous cartilage

supporting connective tissue

supports and joins structure w

collagen fibers

strongest type

elastic cartilage

supporting connective tissue

elastic fibers

provides strength and elasticity

anatomy

the science of body structures and the relationships among them

physiology

the science of how the body and its parts work or function

six levels of organization (small to large)

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal

6 life processes of humans

metabolism, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, differentiation

homeostasis

equilibrium in the body

negative feedback loop

stops a change in homeostasis

positive feedback loop

increases a change to a system until it eventually will stop

integumentary system

skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands

thermoregulation, protection, secretion, senses

skeletal system

bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

supports, protects, aids in movement

muscular system

muscles

moves body, generates heat, maintains posture

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs

sense, nerve impulses

endocrine system

hormone producing glands

regulates hormones

cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vessels

pumps blood

lymphatic system

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

provides immunity

respiratory system

lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea

produces sounds, oxygen in, carbon dioxide out

digestive system

stomach, intestines, anus, mouth, esophagus

breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste

urinary system

ureters, bladder, urethra

eliminates waste through urine

genital (reproductive) system

testes, ovaries, uterus, penis

produce sperm or eggs, form new organism

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

spinal cord, formed by vertebral foramen

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

pleural cavity

space between the folds of the pleura around lungs

pericardial cavity

surrounds the heart; the serous membrane is the pericardium

mediastinum

small section behind lungs with heart, esophagus, and trachea

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

stomach, liver, intestines; serous membrane

pelvic cavity

bladder, reproductive organs

oxygen (O)

part of water and many organic molecules

generates ATP

common element

carbon (C)

part of all organic molecules

ex: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

common element

nitrogen (N)

component of all proteins and nucleic acids

common element

hydrogen (H)

constituent of water and most organic molecules

common element

calcium (Ca)

makes up bones and helps constrict muscles for movement, also forms blood clots and regulates hormones

trace element

atom structure

protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleus

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

ions

an atom that has lost or gained electrons

(lost=positive cation, gained=negative anion)

molecules

two or more atoms bonded through chemical bonds

compound

two or more different elements chemically combined

ionic bond

bonds due to attraction of opposite charges

covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

polar covalent bond

covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

hydrogen bond

a weak bond between hydrogen located between a set of atoms and another molecule

what kind of bond is formed between hydrogen and oxygen atoms making up water?

polar covalent bond, atoms not shared equally

acid

a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; also a proton donor

base

a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; also a proton acceptor

salt

a substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation

hypotonic solution

a solution that causes a cell to go gain more water and go through hemolysis/swell

isotonic solution

a solution that produces no change in cell volume because of osmosis