organic chem

what is an organic molecule

• A- An organic molecule is one which contains carbon (C) atoms. These are generally bonded to other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen (H) atoms. Other elements like oxygen (O), the halogens (F, Cl, I, Br), nitrogen (N), sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P).are common in these molecukes 

• T- These molecules range in size from simple molecules to complex structures containing thousands of atoms.

• C- carbon is the building clock of all organic compounds and recycles through earths air soil water and living organisms

What molecules contain carbon, but in organic

• carbon monoxide (CO)

• CARBONATES( HCO)

• Bicarbonates

• cyanides KCN) (CN)

• Carbides (Molecules that contain carbon and a more literal negative element (CaC)

• pure carbon compound like diamonds and graphite

what are some properties of carbon? atoms

• C-Carbon has four valence electrons ( in a tetrahedral arrangement) : that each carbon atom can form up to 4 bonds with other atoms. including other carbon atoms

• C- Carbon linkage: can result in long chains of carbon atoms,

  which can be 1) straight(unbranched 🎋) - 2) - branched or —3)—cyclic .

  Because of the number of bonds carbon conform with other atoms, carbon compounds can be very complex

• C-CATENATION— is the process where by a chemical element bonds with itself to form, long chains or ring 💍 like structures . The ability of carbon atoms to form —> molecules, with long chains is called catenation.⛓

• C-cracking : breaking long carbon chains —> into smaller carbon chains

carbons have the ability to form (l )double (ll ) or triple( lll) bond. The bonds formed between carbon and itself and other elements are strong covalent bonds.The ENΔ between C—H molecules is so small 🤏 that C- H molecules are almost pure covalent making most organic compounds Non-polar

What is structural formula?

structural formula indicates which atoms are attached to which within molecule atoms, atoms ⚛ are represented with their chemical symbol and lines are used to represent each bond that holds thes atoms ⚛ tgt

What is condensed structural formula?

show the way in which atoms bonded within molecules But Does not show all the bond lines -

When bonds between C Atoms are shown — but not all the C-H Atoms it is semi Condensed structural formula

condensed structural formula show each C- atom and H atom that are bonded as molecular formula

molecular formula

this is a chemical formula that represents the —type of atom & the correct number of each found in a molecule

the numbers are written in subscript after the ATOMIC SYMBOL

Functional group

an atom or group of atoms the form the center of reactivity within a molecule

homologous series

a series of similar compounds— which have the same functional group and same general formula . in which each member differs from the previous by a single 1) CH unit

ALKANE

Saturated HYDROCARBON- only C-C sb and C-H sb

ALKENE

UNSATURATED hydrocarbons C-H sb and C-C double bonds

ALKYNE

C-C triple bonds (unsaturated)

HALOALKANES

halogen atom bonded to saturated carbon atom CnH2n+1X

Alcohol

Hydroxyl group bonded to saturated carbon atom CnH2n+1(OH)

HYDROCARBONS

compounds which only contain Carbon and Hydrogen atoms

Saturated hydrocarbon

is a compound in which all bonds between carbon Atoms are single bonds

• each Carbon atom bonds a maximum of 4 Other atoms .

• they contained that maximum possible of hydrogen atoms

• These are very stable and don’t react easily

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A compound where there is at least one db/tp between carbon atoms ⚛

difference between saturated vs unsaturated

an unsaturated carbon atom may only be bonded with 2/3 other atoms ⚛

• They N# of hydrogens > saturated hydrocarbon with the same N# of Carbons

• They are less stable ( more reactive ) than saturated hydrocarbons

• → for unsaturated compounds today become stable one double /triple bond must be broken and additional atoms must be added