Puritanism 7

House of Tudor

A royal house of Welsh origin that ruled England and its realms from 1485 to 1603.

House of Stuart

A royal house that ruled England and its domains from 1603 to 1714.

James I

The first monarch to rule both England and Scotland, reigning from 1603 to 1625.

Duke of Buckingham (George Villiers)

Charles I's powerful sole advisor, known for his influence over royal policy and his role in leading England into the Thirty Years' War.
Parliament wanted to impeach him.
He was murdered in 1628 by John Belt.

Buckingham painted the Puritans as

Political and religious fanatics opposed to the monarchy.

The Petition of Right

1628: A constitutional document asserting certain rights and liberties of the subjects against the crown.

Five Knights case

A 1627 case where five knights challenged the legality of the Forced Loan, representing issues of royal authority.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury (1633) and prominent supporter of Arminianism, he sought to enforce religious uniformity and suppress Puritanism. He emphasized the sacraments and the beautification of churches.

Forced Loan

An unpopular taxation imposed by Charles I without parliamentary consent in 1626.

Charles I recalled Parliament

In 1628, to address grievances over taxation and royal authority, leading to a compromise that resulted in Parliament agreeing to fund war under the conditions established in the Petition of Right.

Ship Money

A tax initially levied on coastal towns for naval defense, controversially extended to the entire country in 1635.

Laudian Innovations

Reforms introduced by William Laud to beautify churches, often seen as leaning toward Catholic practices.
He changed the position of the altar back to its North-South position.

The Book of Sports

A document promoting recreational activities on Sundays, republished by Charles I in 1633. He made its reading compulsory on Sundays. This reinforced the divide between Laudians and Puritans

Puritan Martyrs - June 1637

Three individuals who were tortured and imprisonned for opposing Laudian reforms (seditious writing) and became symbols of Puritan resistance:

• William Prynne (lawyer)

• Henry Burton (preacher)

• John Bastwick (physician)

In 1637 England tried to impose

The Book of Common Prayer in Scotland. This led to widespread resistance, ultimately resulting in the Bishops' Wars.

National Covenant

A pact created by Scottish nobility in 1638 opposing the imposition of the English Prayer Book.

First Bishops' War

A conflict between England and Scotland in 1639, sparked by the imposition of the Book of Common Prayer. There was not much fighting.

Second Bishops' War

Follow-up conflict in 1640. The Scottish army defeated the English military sent impose the Prayer Book. The Scots took the town of Newcastle.

Long Parliament

The English Parliament that was called in 1640 and remained in session until 1660. The King’s advisors were condemned. Laud was imprisonned.

Charles I's Personal Rule

The period from 1629 to 1640 when Charles I ruled without summoning Parliament.

Tonnage and Poundage

1929: Taxes on imports and exports that Charles I imposed without parliamentary approval. Parliament argued that it was illegal.

The Three Resolutions

A set of resolutions passed by the House of Commons in 1629, denouncing perceived Arminianism in the Church of England, as well as calling upon merchants to refuse to pay tonnage and poundage.

In response to the Three Resolutions of 1629

Charles I suspended the Parliament and will rule alone for 11 years until the Civil War: Charles I's Personal Rule.

1640-1642

A significant period of escalating conflict between Charles I, Parliament, and the public, leading to the Civil War.

Thomas Wentwhorth - Earle of Strafford (advisor)

Was sent to Ireland in 1635 to be Lord Deputy of Ireland to enforce royal authority and suppress dissent against Charles I's rule.
He was assisted by an Arminian chaplain called John Bramhall, whom everyone hated.

Court of High Commission in Ireland

Established in 1635 by Charles I to enforce religious under the authority of the Lord Deputy.

Laudian clergy

Clergy appointed under William Laud's influence, associated with Arminianism and opposed by Puritans.

Dumb Dogs

A term used by Puritans to describe clergy who failed to answer the spiritual needs of the community, often due to absentism caused by Laud’s policy of giving them several jobs.

Massacres of November 1641

The Catholic Irish turned against the Protestants in a series of massacres publicized and fueling anti-Catholic sentiment in England.

Religious motivations for Civil War

The argument stating that religious factors drove factions to conflict during the English Civil War, because the issue is emotionnally charged.

Ecclesiastical courts

Church courts used to try individuals for religious offenses, reestablished under Laud’s policy. More people were charged and the population started resenting the melding of the clergy in their affairs.

Like his father James did in 1622

Charles will also forbid the preaching about predestination in 1628, targeting the Calvinists.

William Laud succeded

George Abbott in 1633 (Archbishop of Canterbury)

Henrietta Maria of France

The wife of Charles I, known for her Catholic faith: a clause in the wedding contract said that she could raise their children in the Catholic faith.

The Short Parliament

Charles recalled Parliament to address financial issues but dissolved it after only three weeks (April - May)

New Canons of 1640

Regulations established by Laud to enforce strict adherence to Anglican practices, further alienating Puritans.